Alternative transcript:

to St. Ambrose as a means of following the lead of the pope, it has come to mean the importance of adapting yourself to the costumes of the people who are in a certain place and behave like they do. Legacy of the etruscans. ● ● Early kings from 600 BC Harsh and unpopular Provided the engineering knowledge for the building projects Art and mythology is very similar to that of the greeks In 509 BC a popular uprising removes the last etruscan king "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus" (REMEMBER NAME FOR TEST) or "Tarquin the Proud" In replace of the previous king they adopt a republic Rome then goes on to establish a republic Engineering They made streets that drain into sewers • They also invented the aqueducts thet transport fresh water into the city. The aqueduct was perfectly engineered so that they were not too steep as to prevent erosion and not too still to prevent bacterial growth. How does Rome go from one city to controlling the entire Mediterranean coastline and beyond? Most expansion occurred from 146 BC to 44 BC (44 BC is after Caesar died) Etruscans and Gauls squeezed out by latins 290- conquered central italy then samnites in the south ● 265 took over greek city states • Key- staying power of army, won over conquered people- opportunity to become roman citizens ● Bribery, such as if you comply we will build you an amazing city, if you resist we will fight you and force you into slavery. The will of the army was strong, they almost never surrendered to anyone in any situation. Rape of Sabine Women ● ● An event in Roman mythology often depicted in western art. • City full of almost all men noticed that the Sabines, almost full of women, invited the sabines to a religious festival where the women were kidnapped and raped to make familes. The men of the Sabines were angry and sent their army, but the women intervened as they preferred their roman husbands. Roman Government 509 BC, romans ejected etruscan king (7th king) (monarchy) and established a republic Power rests with citizens who can vote for their leaders. In Rome, rights are given to free born males. Power Distribution Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status Plebeians (Plebs)- command farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can't rule ● Tribunes- 10 elected representatives who protect plebeians' political rights. Governed local affairs and had veto power. Levels of friendships and patronage did not persist between generations. • Relationships between lower and upper class were very good, and were based on patronage and friendship. Roman republic Rome elects two consuls- one to lead the army, one to direct the government. Senate-300 chosen from patricians (roman upper class), make foreign and domestic policy ● Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebians (commoners) ● Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of extreme crisis, come with a 6 month expiration date as to prevent abuse of power. SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus "Senate and the People of Rome" The coat of arms of the SPQR were displayed on the soldiers' shields. In times of articulus Rome was permitted in suspending normal laws and appointed a 6 month dictator This was only used in times of extreme national crises ● The best example of this is Cincinnati. 458 BC to fight the Aequi and again in 459 BC to fight a man trying to install himself as king. In 451 BC., officials carved Roman laws on twelve copper tablets and hung them in the forum. ● Laws confirm the rights of all free citizens. Exs: TABLE 1 If you are summoned to court you must not go or you will be captured, and witnesses will go against their will. TABLE 2 If a jury or judge dies or there is tragedy the trial is postponed TABLE 3 A person in debt has 30 days to pay or the debtor can take the debt back TABLE 4 A person that is born to a deformity is put to death. A person that is sold by his father into slavery three times may be free from slavery Roman army All (male?) citizens were required to serve ● Army was powerful: -organization and fighting skill ● Century-80 armed men ● Maniple- 3 Centuries ● Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback) • Discipline: -death for individual insubordination - decimation for cowardice ● The army may have multiple lines as its structure which was much more powerful than the common structure of an army which was one large line that rushed forward, resulting in mass casualty and the possibility of the commander being one of the many casualties. Death for individual insubordination, disobeying direct orders results in death. Decimation for cowardice, if the entire unit is guilty of cowardice then the unit will stand in line every tenth (decimation) soldier will step forward and every ninth soldier will beat them to death. Armor was dependent on your wealth, but also was handed out by the government. The roman pilum: it was a throwing spear that bent upon impact and prevented people from throwing them back. Also could lead soldiers to discard their shields if it was in their shield with a bent spear hanging out of it. ● ● Textbook Notes (Ch. 7) Large areas of fertile land include the Po river valley to the north, the plain of Latium (where the city of Rome is located), and the region of Campania, to the south. ● Latins were early Romans Punic Wars 264-146 BC. Three wars between rome and carthage First punic war- largely a naval war. The Romans use a corvus to engage their infantry on seas. In the treaty that ends the war Rome gains control of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and western mediterranean sea. Carthage is forced to limit the size of its navy. ● Carthaginian General Hannibal's "surprise" attack through Spain and france. 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants. ● Hannibal marched his entire army through the alpine mountains (all but one elephants died) and defeated the Romans at Carthage. Even though Carthage is burned at the end of the 2nd punic war, it has a surprising economic revitalization. Carthage pays off its war indemnity and mobilizes an army to fight Numilda. ● ● Hannibal's Victories ● At lake Trasimene Hannibal captured or killed 30,000 by choosing Marius and Sulla Marius and Sulla illustrate how armies in the later days of the republic were more loyal to the individual generals than the senate. Sulla was selected as general of the army to fight in Mithridates. Furious that he was not chosen, Marius incites a mob in Rome calling for Sulla's death. During this civil war, control of Rome changed hands three more times and ended with Sulla as dictator (self appointed) until 79 BC. died in The First Triumvirate (Know what the triumvirate is and who was a part of it) Political alliance by crassus, pompey, and julius caesar to hold leadership and power in rome amongst themselves. Pompey married Julius Caesar's daughter, Julia, cementing the alliance. Early Life of Julius Caesar Family has a good name but is less wealthy than you would expect. Because of his family's connection to marius, and sulla's rise to power, caesar flees by serving in greece in the army. Proves himself with distinction for battlefield bravery. Moves into politics and law and shows himself brilliant and impressive. Shameless self promoter Captured by pirates Wants to become consul but is deeply in debt As part of the first triumvirate, he becomes governor of Gaul and is able to extract profit from the war. Held for ransom by pirates, Julius Caesar told the pirates to raise the ransom and told them his plan to come back and kill them. He follows through and crucifies the pirates, but shows some mercy as he slits their throats. Veni, Vedi, Veci Chapter 7.2 Questions 1. By the second century BC, who held the real power in the Roman republic? 2. What caused many small farmers to move to the cities? 3. Who were the two people in the government that were willing to help the poor farmers? How did marius change the system of military recruitment in Rome? 5. What is a triumvirate? Who were the three people that formed the first triumvirate? 6. What title did Julius Caesar take after he defeated Pompey? 4. 7. List three reforms the Caesar instituted? 8. What happened to Caesar in 44 BC? 9. Who was in the second triumvirate? 10. Who did Octavian have to defeat before he could take control of the whole of Rome? 11. How did Octavian change the government of Rome? What two titles waa he given by the Senate? 1. The Senate 2. They were unable to compete with wealthy landowners 3. Tiberias and Gaius Gracchus 4. He recruited volunteers who were urban/rural non-land owners 5. A triumvirate is a group of three people of hold power, Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus 6. Dictator 7. Creation of a civil service, establishment of a postal system, new coins as currency 8. He died of a stabbing 9. Antony, Octavian, Marcus Lepidus 10. Antony and Cleopatra 11. Instituted a tax system and a census. Imperator and Augustus 2nd Triumvirate In the aftermath of Caesar's death, the public demanded a purge of Caesar's enemies. A 2nd triumvirate of Julius Caesar's supporters is formed. A civil war between Octavian vs. Marc Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian emerges as the unchallenged leader of rome. ● ● ● The Fall Of Rome The Rise of Christianity The rise of christianity coincided at the same time of the fall of rome due to the reasons below. Nero blamed christians for the fire that burned Rome. (64 A.D) he is believed to be the first Roman emperor to systematically persecute christians. He subjected them to cruel deaths. Persecution strengthens christianity forcing it to become more organized. Martyr: one who is willing to die for their cause or beliefs Christians who wanted to determine whether or not another was christian (without advertising that they were christian as to avoid persecution) would draw a curved line in the dirt, and if the other was christian they would finish the drawing, which was the Jesus fish. Christianity grew because it was more appealing to the poor because it viewed everyone as equal Christians in Rome at this time were often crucified, doused with oil, and lit and fire as a method of cruel execution. Decline of Rome • Long period of unrest followed the death of Marcus Aurelius, 121-180 AD. = last good emperor. Rume was ruled by severans 193-235 AD. Dynasty of five emperors who concentrated on the army for several years ● After severans ruled, Rome was ruled by whoever has the army to seize it. 235-284 AD. ● ● ● 22 over a 50 year period, most died violently. During this time, rome was invaded by Persians and germans. Civil war and plague almost caused collapse Trade and industry declined/ labor shortage/ farm production declined due to war torn fields Money became short and soldiers were scarce/ had to hire Germanic soldiers who were not loyal to Rome and did not understand Roman tradition. Reforms of Diocletian • Severely limited personal freedoms Fixed prices on goods to control inflation ● Doubles army size Splits empire in half Abdicates (leaves) the throne Diocletian and Constantine create temporary reforms ● Diocletian was the last major emperor to enforce persecution of christians/ he soon realized that christianity was too powerful to be destroyed by force. Constantine was the first christian emperor and issued the edict of milan that tolerated christianity in rome ● Theodosius the Great, he adopted christianity as the religion. Constantine, the First Christian Emperor ● Moves capital to Istanbul or Byzantium, renames it Constantinople Reunifies the empire (from when Diocletian split the empire in half) Becomes christian after receiving a vision in a battle which then the army had a miraculous win. Historians disagree on which event is most meaningful to the fall of rome ● Battle of Adrianople - 378 AD ● Death of Theodosius, last emperor to rule a unified Roman empire- 206 ● ● Fall of Rome ● Christianity Notes ● Germanic tribes crossing the Rhine and successfully invading - 406 Disintegration of the western roman army Sack of rome - 410 AD Christianity has the Holy Trinity (The Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit) as its central figure of importance. Jesus is believed to be the son of god, or the messiah. Jesus fulfills the Old Testament law and introduces a new covenant with god. Followers now are not bound to have to have to follow the old rules of the Jewish Faith. Jesus's death is designed to be a substitute as payment for the sins of those who believe in him. ● Jesus's perfect life is imputed to God onto the believer as credit of righteousness Birth of Jesus Can trace genealogy to Adam, Abraham, Judah, Jesse, David (fulfills prophecy) Born of a virgin (Free from the contamination of original sin, original sin was the consumption of an apple from the tree in the garden of eden by Adam and Eve.) Born in Bethlehem (City of david), son of a carpenter ● Fall of Constantinople - May 29. 1453 ● Im 476 Romulus augustulus, western emperor was killed by germans led by odoacer, and became a symbolic end to the empire. Many germanic kingdoms over the years replaced the western empire The Eastern Roman empire became known as the Byzantine empire and thrived around constantinople. Teachings . All of the law can be summarized by two commandments ● ● The law is only the starting point of what someone should do / how to think. (ex: anyone who has even looked lustfully has already committed adultery of the heart. Ex2: telling a man you hate him is murder by heart) • Radically different ideas (ex: love your enemy) ● Claims to be (and is) the messiah Claims to have a father/son relationship with god. What is a messiah? Hebrew translation - "anointed one" deliverer, redeemer (financial connotation-payment) ● Greek translation, Christos - savior Misconceptions of Jesus during his lifetime Many followers of Jesus expected him to establish his kingdom on earth immediately. (overthrowing the roman empire by force) Many religious leaders were upset with Jesus because he judged them harshly and was willing to keep company with known sinners (tax collectors, prostitutes). ● ● Crucifixion ● The romans flogged (intense whipping) jesus before crucifying him ● Crucifixion involves being nailed to a wooden (and eventually iron) cross where you die a slow and painful death due to suffocation Most depictions of the crucifix are inaccurate in the way that they portray the person as stapled to the cross. Resurrection ● Jewish religious leaders, upset with Jesus's teachings, had him arrested and crucified under the authority of the Roman governor, Pontius pilate. Christians believe jesus came to earth to die for our sins Interestingly, Jesus died at the exact moment passover began. Christians believe that Jesus arose from the dead after 3 days. After appearing to more than 500 followers for a period of 3 months, he ascended to heaven. ● He promised to return as a conqueror and judge the earth accordingly. What does it mean to believe (be trusting) in jesus? • Knowledge of the gospel ● Intellectual assent Personal trust and reliance on Jesus's saving work Although not an identifiable element of faith, christians believe that true faith must have, as a natural byproduct, a sincere active desire to change or turn away from sin (repentance). Pax Romana ● Period of stability, tranquility, wealth, and peace under the rule of Augustus in 27 BC - 14 BCE ● Islam 101 How to say hello: As-salamu alaykum "peace be with you' Respond with inverse Stereotypes and misconceptions ● ● They have a secret plan to turn the united states into a muslim nation - FALSE All muslims are arabic - FALSE All arabs are muslim - FALSE All muslims live in the middle east - FALSE In the aftermath of the civil war, many african americans rejected christianity because they had found instances where it had been used to justify slavery. Some knew of a religion they knew in Africa, islam, and it gained popularity among African americans. ● Malcom X, a muslim civil rights activist, was a controversial figure in the civil rights movement. He didn't see the role of white people, and was anti-white, until he went to Mecca where he saw all types of races. 1 billion + muslims in the world Estimated 3.3 million muslims in the US by 2015. 1% of pop. ● ● Muhhamed ● Founder Islam is the second largest religion in europe Based on religious self-identification, muslims are the third largest religion in the US. Less than 20% of all muslims in the world live in the Middle east. ● Orphaned at age 6 • Shepherd boy raised by uncle ● Worked caravans ● Married a rich widow ● The largest muslim population is indonesia. Muslims are the majority in over 45 african and asian countries. ● Had religious experience: encounters the angel Gabriel who tells him he is going to be the one who experiences revelations. Hated idolatry ● ● ● Tried to convert jews and christians and was rejected After being kicked out for trying to convert people, he went to Medina and successfully had a boom of conversions. PBUH (Peace be upon him), when speaking or writing of Muhammed you must also say PBUH afterwards mid-sentence. Not appropriate to artistically depict muhammed, so inappropriate it creates a negative/violent reaction. The Five Pillars of Being a Muslim The Creed Shahada Every muslim says the creed "There is no god but Allah, and Muhhamed is his prophet." You must say it and mean it, it must also be witnessed by two leaders of the local mosque Prayer Salat Muslims pray 5 times every day. Early and Mid morning, noon, late afternoon, and evening Prayer times depend on the position of the sun Originally Muhammed had followers face Jerusalem to pray. Must wash your face, feet, and hands. Face your prayer mat towards the holy city. Alms Giving Zakat Up to 2.5 percent of income is given toward charitable work. This is for anyone who can afford it. If you are rich, you are commanded to give. If you are poor, you are commanded to receive. Fasting Saum This is done during the month of Ramadan Fasting occurs only during the day. ● ● ● The Qur'an ● ● ● Islamic view of christianity ● More food is consumed during Ramadan in celebrations than any other month. At the end of the month, they have a giant feast. Gifts are exchanged and you likely will get clothes to wear for the year. Journey to Mecca ● Christians believe in 3 gods (false) Father, mother, son (actually the Father, son, and the holy spirit) "Son of god" is a debasing term USA Christian Haji This is to be performed by every muslim once in his life (if physically/financially able). Once completed "Hajji" is added to the Muslim's name To struggle Jihad Sometimes referred to by historians and scholars as the 6th pillar of islam. Interpreted 2 ways: against self and or against non muslim world. ● ● Believed to be revealed to Muhhamed by Gabriel. Compiled some 100-150 years later. Cannot be Translated Written in arabic. Islamic view of Jesus ● ● He was a prophet USA = Immorality and sinfulness Toxic, pornographic, and disgusting modern culture of people in the US have been associated with christianity in their view. He lived a sinless life He performed miracles He was never crucified. He wasn't a savior because muslims do not believe in original sin. Islamic view of Jews and Christians Bible has been corrupted Are referred to as people of the book If they are living in a muslim country, they are expected to pay an extra tax. It is permissible to marry them if you are a muslim male, but not for females. What do muslim eat? ● No pork, considered an unclean animal Four major muslim empire ● Ummayad (Damascus) Abbasid (Baghdad) Seljuk Turks (Many) ● Ottoman (Istanbul) ● Byzantine Empire Somewhat a continuation of the Roman Empire, remember when Rome got split in half into the East and West? The Byzantine empire is a continuation of the West side. Possible start dates for the empire ● The Founding Constantinople and the Byzantine empire. Division of Roman empire by diocletian 330 AD Constantine moves capital to Constantinople Theodisus makes Christianity the official religion of Rome Romulus augustus the last emperor abdicates ● Advantages ● Peninsula provided safe harbor for military ships and provided natural defense (water on three sides). Theodisius II created "the triple wall" on the weak sides of the peninsula. Archers can stand on the staggered walls and reign down arrows on the common enemy. Easy access to the Mediterranean sea. Located at an important trade route named the Silk Road. Constantine chose to locate the capital in the Greek city of Byzantium and wanted to call the Byzantine empire the "new Rome". Since the rule of Diocletian, the Roman Empire was divided into two. The western half was being attacked and weakened by constant Germanic invasions. Constantinople ● • City was heavily fortified. Multi-ethnic city The citizens spoke Greek, but Latin was the official language. During Constantine's rule, over 600,000 people lived in the city. Constantine convinced many romans to move to the city by offering to build them palaces Byzantine Empire Background ● Survival oriented, concerned with defense rather than expansion Many invasion attempts, survival depended on military strength Church had close ties with the state ● Economically prosperous because of trade routes. ● Centralized autocratic rule maintained In 476 AD. Rome fell to the germanic invaders, however the city of Constantinople and the eastern empire remained. Constantinople fell in 1453 ***MUST KNOW THIS DATE!!*** Constantinople was conquered by islamic empires Military dominance Exploiting the weakness of the Germanic kingdoms around them. This exploitation allowed them to regain lots of their lost land. ● Emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire Ruled at height of empire AD 527-565 Byzantine navies used an incendiary similar to a flamethrower device called GREEK FIRE Over the years the secrets of Greek fire have since been lost. ● Wanted to regain Rome's ancient splendor and how armies reconquered much of ancient Rome's territories temporarily, although his dreams and armies are very expensive and constantly to the future of the empire. Built the HAGIA SOPHIA (Hiya sophie), the "church of holy wisdom." When Constantinople was conquered by the islamic empire they saw the HAGI SOPHIA and thought it was so magnificent they didn't burn it down and copied it's design for their mosques. ● HAGI SOPHIA Created by the architect Isidore of Miletus Building material was brought from Egypt, Ephesus, Thessaly, and Syria. Upon completion of the HAGIA SOPHIA. Justinian commented "Solomon, I have outdone thee!" ● Contained a large collection of holy relics, called ICONS Code of Justinian ● Ordered a review of Roman Law Becomes the foundation for legal studies in all western civilisation Corpus Juris Civilis ● The "Body of Civil Law" or Justinian's Code. ● Justinian Commision -Goal: collect, revise, and organize laws of ancient rome. We must all agree to do as I say. ● In religious matters, Justinian adhered to the council of Chalcedon from 451 which condemned the monophysite heresy. ● Monophysites stressed the divine nature of Jesus and de-emphasized or even denied his human nature. Nike Rebellion Competing teams of chariot drivers (blues and greens) united to force Justinian from the throne. Rioter cried Nike! or "victory" as the revolt nearly succeeded against Justinian. Burn it down! The rioters from the chariot race set fire to many public buildings Proved unable to be contained by law enforcement Christianity is the official state religion of the Byzantine empire, but over time the split from Rome becomes an issue. Why? 1) Language As the eastern empire (Byzantium) grows, it envelops many people, cultures, and Greek becomes the predominant language in the east. In the west, latin still dominates; this language difference leads to misunderstandings, differences, etc. -interpreters are often needed. 2) Power struggle Pope is the leader of the WEstern Church in Rome, Constantine set up a patriarch (high Church official) to run the church in Constantinople; this offends the Western Church leaders who feel they should be in complete command; those in east feel the pope is too far away, his authority seems remote and even foreign-over time. Icon: A figure typically one who is biblical, represented by a stature, painting or any physical form of art. Often they are prayed to. Not as a major problem, but over time, the two Churches (East and West) started to move apart and adopt new practices, rites in ceremonies (clothing, order of events, priests marry in east, holy days- easter vs. christmas). Iconoclasts ● In 726 emperor Leo III, crusaded against the use of icons, or visual depictions of Biblical events and believed that their growing common use was a violation of the commandment on idolatry. Leo orders his army to destroy icons. The true cross ● In the 38-'s a nun on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Egeria, discovers the "true cross" where Christ was crucified. Legends also grew in a mystical way that it was fashioned from the Tree of Jesse from King David's time. Or that it dates all the way back to the garden of eden and is from the tree of life. Other holy relics are said to be "discovered" during this time period. Orthodox nuns: their church has been said to be in a schism with the church of Rome since 1054. ● Schism: A permanent split between the church in the east and west. Comes as a result of beef from the pope and a new patriarch, Micheal Caerularius. Micheal shuts down Latin and accuses Rome of many affronts against the eastern church and tries to strike the pope's records and excommunicate him. In return the pope excommunicated the patriarch Micheal but didn't excommunicate the emperor, his bishops or anyone under him (senate). ● Provinces begin to choose sides and most of the eastern empire looks to constantinople. Excommunication is the most serious penalty a catholic church can inflict. It basically says you are not welcome at this church and cannot participate in any events. A public declaration you will not go to heaven. Church councils ● A meeting of church officials to come to an agreement on how to follow christians teachings properly. Which books should be included in the bible (canon). ● The nature of Jesus to combat heresy; Arianism, Nestorianism, monophysite To establish a creed of beliefs ● The power of the emperor in appointing church officials. Hagia Sophia The Church/Cathedral built in constantinople. Kiev Russia Notes ● Human settlement in this area dates back to 4500 BC. Many kingdoms have ruled over this territory including Scythia, Greece, Rome, Byzantines, Goth, and Bulgars. Migrations from the 9th to 11th Century were the basis for the people of Kievan Rus during its golden age. The Eastern Slavic people-including the predecessors to the Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Cossacks, and the Belarusians. ● ● The many tribes that have moved through this include sarmatians, huns, bulgars, and magyars. The most recent was the Scandinavian warriors or the vikings. In 988, Kiev adopted orthodox christianity as the official state religion.So does characteristic By the year 859 several Slavic kingdoms were giving to the varangians and the khazars. 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion By the 1300's Moscow emerged as the dominant cultural center for the region. OCC "as they mixed with Viking as they mixed with Viking influence Slavic influence and maybe even Byzantine influence. Now in spite of the golden age of Kevin Roose. possibly larger than the British colonial Empire that stretched from India to the United States and" ● ● ● ● By the year 859 several slavic kingdoms were giving tribute to the varangians and the khazars. 862, "The great revolt" the slavs are successful in driving out the varangians, but they then start fighting each other. Rurik 862 ● ● ● Trade ● The other brothers die The accepted first ruler of russia The new state of Kiev prospered due to the profitable export of furs, beeswax and honey. THey also controlled three main trade routes of eastern europe. The most important route follows the Dnieper river. Text to speech For the Rus, Kievan Rus controls the three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe they found a little bit of success okay but it's not really their success as missionaries for which they're known it's because they wanted to the Slavic people they had their own language but they didn't have writing they came up with their own writing script for them and the one that they incorporated. And one of the starting points of Russian history comes to this descendant of rurich named Vladimir who is eventually referred to as Vladimir the Great whenever you have an adjective associated with someone's name you have to ask the obvious question what made him so great well Vladimir's case it's because he holy adopted Christianity he comes to the power after the death of his father's theaters love the first defeating is half-brother yarbroke and 980 rejects the Pagan religion of the previous Slavic rulers and then he sends emissaries diplomats to the four corners of the known world and it says we want to find a new religion to unite this new Kievan Rus people but they didn't go super far. They rejected three out of the four of those religions now they found that the Muslim prohibition on alcohol consumption a little too strict and so they said no we can't do this the when they considered the religion of Judaism they said well if they're God is all powerful why would he allowed for the destruction of Jerusalem and it's temple in 78 AD I took that one off the list as well so now you just got the two Christian religions and Orthodox Christianity. Christianity his entire family goes so far as to marry into the Byzantine Royal Line This is going to become important later next ruler of note Yaroslav the wise. Also remember whenever you see an adjective? He achieved stable borders by arranging the marriages of his granddaughter to the Holy Roman Empire and other nations he shares a border with. I don't think this will work. ● In 1169 Kiev was sacked by a northern empire. ● After the 44th crusade in 1204, trade routes utilizing the byzantine faded. TTS (trying again): "Almost never show up to the field of battle and it was clear that Ivan through his courage stood up to the Mongols and was finally able to break the Yoke of kind of tribute think he exemplifies kind of the the strong leader that the Slavic people needed from that earlier picture he's called The Gatherer of Russian lands and it triples the size of this new Russian Kingdom now centered on its new city not here but Moscow after the death of his first wife Ivan marries the Byzantine princess Sophie sometimes referred to as Zoe and do the math what was that year that I told you you really needed to remember in terms of the fall of Constantinople no a little bit sooner yes 1466 Byzantine Empire is no more after 1453 but like a little bit after Ivan stands up to the Mongols he marries into the Byzantine Royal wine and so the Russian people start to clean that they are the continuation of the Byzantine Empire likes to claim that they are the continuation of the Roman Empire so that's Ivan the Great now let's talk about I've been terrible the word terrible when translated into English is difficult because the Russian word for it is wrong and it can be translated multiple ways it can be translated as awesome all inspiring person who inspires dread or fear okay much like you would people refer to God in that sense or something and notice whether you call him Ivan the Terrible or even awesome you say terrible it has a little bit more of a negative connotation to it do you see that okay and people who look at the actions in his life towards his own people or towards even members within his own family and kind of the vicious and cruel street that he had will like to use Ivan the Terrible to emphasize that he's up bad ruler a bad person but and so it's good to make that distinction I've been the 4th was the Grand Prince of Moscow he grew up under a cloud of intrigue and plots and he expands Russia's borders greatly it if it grew under I've never it really grew under Ivan the Terrible, okay he diminishes the powers of the Nobles so that he has more power as a ruler but he wants to be called Tzar now how many of you have seen the words are spelled PS ar right how many of you have seen that same word spelled czar?" Feudal Japan 4 main islands ◆ Archipelago Mountainous 128 million people > Immigration? Jamon and Yayoi There is significant debate as to the origins of the dominant Japanese ethnic group Nipponjin and how they came to be. The most recent and accepted theory is that they are a mixture of the Jomon from 1200 - 1000 BC and the more recent Yayoi that migrated around 400-300 BC. Modern descendants of the Jomon are commonly called the Ainu. Ainu: Indigenous peoples of Japan that inhabit the island of Hokkaido, it is believed they are linked to the Mongolians and are Coccosoid as they are lighter skinned and have significant amounts of facial hair. They believed that the world is animus, this means that everything is inundated with a spirit. Yamato Period: 300-710 Began promoting the adoption of chinese culture: Confucianism. Language (kanji characters). Buddhist sects. Chinese art and architecture. Government structure. Prince Shotoku 573-621 Adopted chinese culture and confucianism Buddhist sects allowed to develop Created a new government structure Heian Period 794-1156 Growth of large landed estates Arts and literature of china flourished Elaborate court life [highly refined] Etiquette Preferred chinese writing Chinese artistic style Buddhism [in the form of zen] Did not adopt chinese civil service exam The Pillow Book A book of observations and musing recorded by a court Tale of Genji The son of the Japanese emperor is relegated to commoner status and begins a life as an imperial officer. Lady Murasaki Shikibu She contributed to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with chinese characters kanji. How confusing! Japanese Power Pyramid 1. Emperor, the figurehead 2. Shogun, political leader (Warrior class) 3. Daimyos, nobles (Warrior class) 4. Samurai, warriors (Warrior class) 5. Ronin, paid soldiers (Warrior class) 6. Peasants, farmers and fisherman [90% of population] 7. Artisans, crafts people 8. Merchants, sales people [Lowest class] Feudalism: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. The Japanese feudalistic system was based on the exchange of land, food, protection, and loyalty. Code of Bushido, the 4 values a samurai expected to live on. Fidelity, faithfulness and loyalty to their master Politeness * Virility, fathering as many children as possible within your samurai class. If a samurai has children with a peasant, that peasant is lifted to the samurai class → Simplicity In 1899 Nitobe Inazo published "The Soul of Japan", Nitobes definition of Bushido values include what appears to be an expanded list. Seppuku [Ritual Suicide] It is honorable to die this way If you fight in a battle and your daimyo falls or loses you may commit seppuku, or ritual suicide, in order to show your loyalty to your daimyo. Samurai committing seppuku would expose their stomachs, then they would plunge a short sword into their kidney, then rip it across their stomach. This is one of the most painful ways to die. Even though this is extremely painful you are intended not to scream. If you yell, a Kaishu is there to slice your head off. Religion Traditional Japanese religion is called Shintoism which believes in animistic spirits, however since the introduction of buddhism, elements of both are attributed to Japan. Zen Buddhism: A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. Zen Buddhism reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self discipline. Mongol Invasions of Japan 4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them. Kamikaze translates to "divine winds" The Mongol army made landfall in another attempt 2 years later, they made landfall this time. But once again a furious storm came in and greatly affected Mongol's battle performance. Why did the Kamakura Shogunate fall? The years of fighting the Mongols, although successful, were very expensive, and resulted in no profits. Ashikaga Age 1338-1573: Shoguns fought for power Laws are unclear Less efficient than the Kamakura European Castles are made of fortified stone and built outwards, which is a very strong building technique. Japan on the other hand uses wood and paper and builds up. Age of Warring States 1467-1568 Castle built on hills in different provinces Power shifts from adobe to below Firearms arrive in Japan Christianity and foreign trade flourish. The Aztecs ● The Aztetcs looked for the specific sign that was an eagle perched on a cactus devouring a snake, once the Aztecs had found the sign they put their capital city there. They named the city Tenochtitlan, the city is now named Mexico City. Religious Ceremonies ● Bathing: Being clean not only made you feel better, but had a religious and/or spiritual denotion to it. Human sacrifice: usually children/prisoners. They believed human hearts and blood strengthened the gods. Men's Work The Aztec were very involved in agriculture. They used Chinampas (man made floating islands) to grow crops of vegetables, flowers, grasses, and medicinal plants. They mainly grew maize/corn The artificially selected corn to create larger kernels and larger cobs ● They cooked corn in a mixture of lime/ash Women's Work ● ● ● Discipline Art ● Women mainly did housework and caring for children Also sometimes healers or midwives Death/Burial Boys would be held over fires where chili peppers were being cooked, forcing them to inhale the smoke Children were poked with thorns The Aztec had 2 types of funerals, cremation and burial. All those who died of drowning, were killed by lightning, or died of leprosy would be buried. Women who died in labor were buried. All other bodies were cremated. - Experts don't know why certain types of death resulted in burial while other types of death resulted in burial. ● Cremated people would be put in their best clothes,wrapped up for cremation and their ashes would be buried in a jar in the house they used to live in. Buried people would be wearing jewelry and nice clothing. Advancements Farming in the mountains Animal domestication Irrigation ● Terrace farming A predecessor of the Incas, the Wari', also known as the Pakaa Nova invented terrace farming in the Andes Mountains over 1,000 years ago. Graduated steps along the elevated farmlands were used by the Incas to grow staples such as potatoes and peanuts. Mostly potatoes. Architecture Inca ruins are so architecturally advanced for the time, that they were able to precision cut blocks into perfect cubes using primitive tools. ● ● Known for working with metals and ceramic, they had a distance art style Incan clothing is designed to show social status, or your job in the society. They used the wool of their domesticated animals, alpacas and llamas. Large earrings Human Sacrifice ● Sacrificed people are fed alcohol to numb their senses before killing. Quipu/Khipu: A record keeping device made of different colored strings with knots that are meaningful to the owner. Sort of like an abacus. They may record the number of potatoes they grew in a season, or the amount of rope you need to use to build a bridge. They may record the number of labor hours required as a labor tax. The Middle Ages 500-1500 AD ● The western roman empire is gone due to Germanic invasions. Without government -> No trade -> Decline of cities -> decline of education -> use of Latin limited to church. In order to survive, Feudalism develops. Feudal Life In order to have safety and defense, they formed small communities around a lord or master. Most people lived on a manor which consisted of a castle, a church, a village, and its surrounding farmland. ● The importance of the community is based on the number of soldiers or warriors they are able to provide. ● Nobles, or barons would gain fiefdoms (large pieces of land) if they agreed to provide soldiers loyal to the king. Serfs, or agricultural farmers, worked the land in exchange for protection. France (Middle ages) In 496 AD, Clovis king of the Franks, accepted christianity at the urging of his wife and at a desperate moment in battle where he was outnumbered. His wife tells him to call upon god and he miraculously wins, him and all of his soldiers convert to christianity. ● As Clovis's kingdom expanded to most of modern day France, he grew more tied to the church in Rome. Charles Martel ● ● ● Charlemagne Charles the Great Was originally nicknamed Charles the swimmer as he was a very fast swimmer. Grandson of Charles Martel. Continues to expand the French kingdom. Spreads Christianity to all lands he conquered. ● Continues strong relationship with the church. ● Nicknamed "Charles the Hammer" Not the actual king of Franks, but mayor of the palace. Declares himself king of Franks. The Muslim Empire gains control of Spain, which is next to France, and Charles Martel begins to worry of an invasion. His victory at the Battle of Tours against the advancing Muslim empire from Spain in 732, this makes him a Christian hero. Passes on the kingdom to his son, Pepin the Short (he was short), beginning the Carolingian Dynasty. ● ● In 800 AD, he was crowned "holy roman emperor" by Pope Leo III after he put down an attempt against the Pope. After Charlemagne ● Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious (Pie-us). As the name suggests a very devout and religious man, but a poor ruler. Louis the Pouis's three sons. Lothair, Charles the Bald (he was bald), and Louis the German fought with each other for power until the Treaty of Verdun, proposed by the Pope, divided the empire. After the Carolingian Dynasty of Franks, there was a power vacuum which led to more castles built in France and Northern Italy. Over time, nobility becomes more restrictive by family lineage because of the growth of those who become wealthy. The origination of many last names dates to the middle ages based on a person's occupation within the manor i.e Smith, Miller, Taylor, or as a noble family of a particular place. In order to identify themselves a heraldic design or emblem accompanied by their armor-coat of arms. Chivalry From the france world chevalrie (horse soldiery). Has over time been taken to mean a warrior code of knights with bravery, courtly manners, honor, and nobility. A protector of the three L's: LORD in heaven Feudal LORD on earth Chosen LADY The notion of chivalry could well have originated from heroic qualities found in period literature from 1170- on that was wildly popular. Erec and Enide; Lancelot- the Knight of the Cart (Chretien de Troyes). These stories combined the early theme of epics of a hero on a quest with that of rescuing a lady of virtue from an imperling monster. ● The National Pastime THe tournament first took place in 1100 in N. Italy. It had teams of knights divided by regions, or safety zones. "Anything goes" format with real weapons. The goal was not to kill but to unhorse, take armor, and/or money. Innocent bystanders are even injured/killed. Over time there are some prohibitions due to the exhaustion of knights by kings/church councils: No kippers Blunted weapons ● Eventually limited to jousting ● The Medieval Church ➤ The only institution that survived in Western Europe from the Roman Empire was the church. ➤ With its own laws, lands, and taxes, the Church governed every aspect of people's lives from the practical to the spiritual. ➤ Since daily life for most was hard and short, most felt comfort in the promises of a reward in heaven. ➤ Regardless of social status, rich/poor, men/women, nearly all were baptized, married, attended mass, had their last rites, and were buried on church property. ➤ Literacy among priests was falling Some popes were men of questionable morals ➤ Many bishops and abbots cared more about their position as feudal lords than their duties as spiritual leaders. Many village priests had married and had families ➤ Simony - bishops would sell positions within the church to guarantee a spot in heaven Lay investiture - Augustine ➤ Although he lived the 4th, 5th Centuries as the Roman empire was falling, and literacy significantly dropped during the Middle Ages, his ideas greatly influenced Medieval thought. One of the first to articulate the doctrine of original sin. The first created order of Adam, the temptation of Eve are justifications of women into a subservient role. This male oriented mindset continued in the Middle Ages as biblical in its understanding. Celibacy of priests became the rule. ➤ > Spain was controlled by Muslims until the 1100s. The Reconquista was the effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain. By 1492, the last Muslim stronghold in Granada fell to Ferdinand and Isabella (sponsors of Columbus). The Inquisitions was the use of the court to suppress heresy among the Spanish Jews and Muslims that may have only nominally converted to Christianity. Interrogations torture, and burning at the stake were common to the accused and confessors. Cathedrals ➤ Larger churches were built in city areas. They were built to be visual representations of the city of god. ➤ Around the 1100s a new style of architecture for the cathedrals, Gothic, emerged. The Crusades ➤ Peace and Truce of god- An effort by bishops and kings of Western Europe to try and get Christi knights to stop fighting each other for game or silly reasons. ➤In 1093, Alexius Comnemnus asked for help against the invading Turks. ➤ Pope Urban II reads the letter and issues a call for a crusade to reclaim the holy land. ➤ The goals of the crusades were to: 1. Take the holy land (Israel/Palestine) and keep it under Christian control. 2. Protect constantinople 3. Reunite Christendom 4. Find something productive for knights to do 5. Opportunity for those without property to gain land and position in society 6. Gain control of key traded routes to India and China. Why would you want to go on a Crusade? ➤ Religious zeal. ➤ Primogeniture- A system of inheritance by which the eldest son inherits everything (opportunity for those to gain wealth and title). ➤ Adventure. Crusades 1-4 1. Recaptures Jerusalem and four other cities 2. Edessa has been recaptured by Muslims and this crusade was determined to get it back. They failed in their objective, and worse in 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin. 3. Richard the Lionheart goes to get Jerusalem back. They fight to a stalemate in 1192 and agree to a truce where Jerusalem stays in Muslim hands, but it is open to Christian pilgrimage. 4. They don't even reach their objective of Jerusalem, but instead end up looting Constantinople. After Jerusalem fell to Saladin in the 2nd crusade... ● ● Three European kings vow to go on the 3rd crusade. Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire) Philip II Augustus (France) Richard the Lionhearted (England) The Trebuchet ● Originally designed by the Chinese, it contains a sling and counterweights to launch a heavy projectile. Muslims and Europeans improve upon the basic design: These cultures interact with each other and perfect the use of them to attack each other's castles during the crusades. May 1304: King Edward I (Longshanks) of England in a siege of Stirling castle in Scotland, makes a call for lead. ● Believed to be the largest trebuchet built for battle. • Modern day engineers often try to rebuild medieval trebuchets in the old style. They often come away very impressed. The trebuchet was the most powerful until... The cannon and gunpowder. LATE MIDDLE AGES William the Conqueror In 1066, Willian of Normany defeated Harold of Hastings to become King of England, the very last viking raid of England. He claimed that Edward the Confessor (previous king) had promised him the throne. William's version of events is celebrated in the Bayeux Tapestry. In 1086 William ordered the creation of the Domesday book as a survey of all property for taxes. The Bayeux Tapestry is a giant scroll written on by selected authors/historians/important people. It is the recorded history from the writer's perspective. You can write anything, true or false. Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII at Canossa ● ● ● Henry IV claims his illegitimacy as pope due to his ban of lay investiture, so Henry IV excommunicated him and Henry backs down. Henry kneels in front of the church in the snow for multiple days begging for forgiveness. Henry and the German bishops that he had appointed called for Gregory to step down as Pope. Nearly 50 years later at the Concordat at Worms, Pope Calixtus II and Henry V agree that investu-iture will continue. • • Pope Gregory bans the practice of lay investiture, lay investiture is the right of kings and emperors to appoint the highest church official in their country. The Decline of church power • During the 14th century the power of the church began to decline. ● European kings, who were gaining power, were no longer willing to accept the idea of Papal ● supremacy. The Great Schism/Avignon Papacy ● During the conclave, King Philip of France, who still has a grudge against the pope, hacks the elections and tries to get the cardinals to vote for a French pope. If a French pope is elected, they will move the headquarters of the church to france. Later, Gregory XI returned the papacy. The cardinals insisted on the election of an Italian pope, Pope Urban VI. Five months later the french cardinals declared the elections of the french pope invalid and elected their own, Clement VII. ● The Council of Constance ● ● Now Europe had TWO popes, this created a lot of problems and people and churches were uncertain on who to follow. ● Both popes end up excommunicating each other. Attempts at Church Reform All of this corruption and chaos within the church made some want to reform the church. In England John Wycliffe made arguments that salvation came from faith and not from the church itself. ● Church cardinals called a church council at Pisa and tried electing a new Pope, now there were three. The holy roman emperor finally called the council of constance to resolve the great schism. Two popes were deposed, the third resigned and a new pope was elected. He and his followers translated part of the bible into english His reforms helped lay the foundations for later change, but were unsuccessful at the time. Wycliffe's teachings may have influenced a Czech reformer by the name of Jan Hus. Hus acted upon the ideas of Church reform. He spoke out against church practices. He was invited to the Council of Constance where he had been told he would have been safe, but he was arrested, tried, and burned at the stake. The Black Death 1347-1352 ● Around a third to a fourth of Europe's population dies. Pandemic The actual disease that was responsible is known as the bubonic plague ● Found its way from China through italian sailing ships Transmitted from rat fleas. Get its name through pustules forming on the skiing that first appear red, get super big, the size of a fist, then blacken. The plague has several different symptoms in its victims. Bubonic plague: The incubation period of bubonic plague is usually 2 to 8 days. Patients develop fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, painful lymph nodes (called ● Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery mucus. Pneumonic plague may develop from inhaling infectious droplets or may develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague after the bacteria spread to the lungs. The pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock. Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and is the only form of plague that can be spread from person to person (by infectious droplets) Mortality Rate: 35%-70% will die ● 25,000,000 died (½ to ½ of Europe) Changes in the social status of the people that were left behind, servants were able to ask for higher wages as there were less people to replace them. ● buboes). This form usually results from the bite of an infected flea. The bacteria multiply in a lymph node near where the bacteria entered the human body. If the patient is not treated with the appropriate antibiotics, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body. Septicemic plague: The incubation period of septicemic plague is poorly defined but likely occurs within days of exposure. Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose. Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. ●