Ancient civilizations shaped human development through remarkable innovations and societal structures.
- Mesopotamian Sumerian inventions and discoveries included fundamental tools like the wheel, plow, and the sophisticated writing system of Cuneiform
- The Ancient Egyptian civilization and Nile River benefits transformed northeastern Africa through advanced developments in mathematics, engineering, and medicine
- Notable geographical features highlight the differences between Upper and Lower Egypt geography, with the Nile Delta playing a crucial role in development
- Both civilizations were polytheistic and developed complex religious and governmental systems
- Scribes held significant positions in both societies as masters of their respective writing systems
