Roman Culture and Mythology

Roman culture was a rich blend of native traditions and borrowed elements, particularly from the Etruscans and Greeks. This cultural synthesis became a defining feature of Roman civilization.

Key aspects of Roman culture:

1. Mythology - Adapted Greek gods and heroes
2. Art - Influenced by Greek and Etruscan styles
3. Literature - Developed Latin classics like Virgil's Aeneid
4. Philosophy - Incorporated Greek schools of thought

Example: The Roman myth of Romulus and Remus being raised by a wolf may have originated from a misunderstanding of the word "lupa", which could mean both "wolf" and "prostitute".

Roman mythology often served political purposes, providing noble origins for the state and justifying Roman dominance.

Quote: "De nobis fabula narratur" - "About us the story is told", reflecting Romans' belief in their mythic destiny

Roman culture emphasized practical applications of knowledge, leading to advancements in engineering, law, and governance that long outlasted the empire itself.

Highlight: The phrase "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" originates from advice about following local customs, showing the lasting impact of Roman cultural ideas.

Understanding Roman culture is crucial for appreciating its lasting influence on Western civilization.

Roman Expansion and Engineering

Rome's growth from city-state to empire was driven by military conquest and innovative engineering. Between 290-44 BCE, Rome expanded to control most of the Mediterranean region.

Key factors in Roman expansion: • Strong, disciplined army • Offering citizenship to conquered peoples • Building impressive infrastructure in new territories

Example: Rome offered to build cities for compliant conquered peoples, while threatening enslavement for those who resisted.

Roman engineering achievements were crucial to supporting the growing empire:

1. Aqueducts - Transported fresh water over long distances
2. Sewers - Improved sanitation in cities
3. Roads - Facilitated trade and military movement

Highlight: Roman aqueducts were carefully engineered to have the perfect slope, preventing erosion and bacterial growth.

These innovations allowed Rome to sustain large urban populations and maintain control over vast territories.

Vocabulary: Aqueduct - A bridge-like structure used to transport water over long distances

The legacy of Roman engineering can still be seen in ruins and infrastructure throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.