Scientists study living things at many different levels, from tiny... Show more
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Paulina Guaidia
10/19/2023
AP Biology
Cell Theory: Types of cells and organelles and make them and their properties
66
•
Oct 19, 2023
•
Exploring Cell Theory: How Microscopy Reveals Size Ranges in Biology
Paulina Guaidia
@paulinaguaidia_zfpd
Understanding Cell Theory and Microscopy
The foundation of modern biology rests upon cell theory and microscopy techniques, which help us understand the basic units of life. All living organisms are composed of cells, representing the simplest collection of matter capable of sustaining life. These fundamental building blocks exist across an incredible range of sizes, from microscopic bacteria to large plant cells.
Size ranges in biology from atoms to cells span several orders of magnitude. Eukaryotic plant cells measure around 100 micrometers, while animal cells typically range from 10-50 micrometers. Organelles within these cells measure 1-10 micrometers, and prokaryotic bacteria are even smaller at 1-5 micrometers. At the smallest end of the spectrum, viruses measure around 100 nanometers.
Definition: Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Scientists employ various tools to study cells, with light microscopy being the most basic technique. In this method, visible light passes through a specimen and through glass lenses, which bend the light to create a magnified image. The quality of microscopic observation depends on three crucial parameters: magnification, resolution, and contrast.
Cellular Organization and Structure
Understanding cellular organization requires knowledge of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. While both types share some basic features like a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytosol, their structural organization differs significantly.
Vocabulary: The cytosol is the semifluid substance within cells where various organelles and particles are suspended.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus that houses DNA, while prokaryotic cells have simpler organization with DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid. The endomembrane system, unique to eukaryotic cells, consists of various internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions.
Understanding Cell Nuclear Structure and Protein Synthesis
The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, protected by a complex nuclear envelope structure. This envelope consists of a double-layered lipid membrane that carefully regulates what enters and exits the nucleus through specialized nuclear pores. These pores act like cellular gatekeepers, allowing only specific molecules to pass through while maintaining the nucleus's protected environment.
Inside the nucleus, the nuclear lamina provides crucial structural support. This protein-rich network maintains the nucleus's shape and helps organize its contents. The genetic material within the nucleus exists in a form called chromatin - DNA molecules intimately associated with proteins. During cell division, this chromatin undergoes a remarkable transformation, condensing into compact structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule wrapped around specialized proteins, allowing for efficient distribution of genetic material during cell division.
Definition: The nucleolus is a distinct structure within the nucleus dedicated to producing ribosomal RNA , which is essential for protein synthesis. This specialized factory works continuously to create the components needed for ribosome assembly.
Ribosomes, the protein-manufacturing centers of the cell, exist in two forms: free ribosomes floating in the cytosol and bound ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum . These complex particles, composed of rRNA and proteins, are responsible for translating genetic instructions into functional proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum, occupying more than half of the cell's total membrane surface, provides an extensive network for protein processing and transport.
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Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
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Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Exploring Cell Theory: How Microscopy Reveals Size Ranges in Biology
Paulina Guaidia
@paulinaguaidia_zfpd
Scientists study living things at many different levels, from tiny atoms to complex organisms.
Cell theory and microscopy techniqueshelp us understand the building blocks of life. All living things are made of cells, which can only come from other... Show more
Understanding Cell Theory and Microscopy
The foundation of modern biology rests upon cell theory and microscopy techniques, which help us understand the basic units of life. All living organisms are composed of cells, representing the simplest collection of matter capable of sustaining life. These fundamental building blocks exist across an incredible range of sizes, from microscopic bacteria to large plant cells.
Size ranges in biology from atoms to cells span several orders of magnitude. Eukaryotic plant cells measure around 100 micrometers, while animal cells typically range from 10-50 micrometers. Organelles within these cells measure 1-10 micrometers, and prokaryotic bacteria are even smaller at 1-5 micrometers. At the smallest end of the spectrum, viruses measure around 100 nanometers.
Definition: Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Scientists employ various tools to study cells, with light microscopy being the most basic technique. In this method, visible light passes through a specimen and through glass lenses, which bend the light to create a magnified image. The quality of microscopic observation depends on three crucial parameters: magnification, resolution, and contrast.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cellular Organization and Structure
Understanding cellular organization requires knowledge of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. While both types share some basic features like a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytosol, their structural organization differs significantly.
Vocabulary: The cytosol is the semifluid substance within cells where various organelles and particles are suspended.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus that houses DNA, while prokaryotic cells have simpler organization with DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid. The endomembrane system, unique to eukaryotic cells, consists of various internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions.
Understanding Cell Nuclear Structure and Protein Synthesis
The nucleus serves as the control center of the cell, protected by a complex nuclear envelope structure. This envelope consists of a double-layered lipid membrane that carefully regulates what enters and exits the nucleus through specialized nuclear pores. These pores act like cellular gatekeepers, allowing only specific molecules to pass through while maintaining the nucleus's protected environment.
Inside the nucleus, the nuclear lamina provides crucial structural support. This protein-rich network maintains the nucleus's shape and helps organize its contents. The genetic material within the nucleus exists in a form called chromatin - DNA molecules intimately associated with proteins. During cell division, this chromatin undergoes a remarkable transformation, condensing into compact structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule wrapped around specialized proteins, allowing for efficient distribution of genetic material during cell division.
Definition: The nucleolus is a distinct structure within the nucleus dedicated to producing ribosomal RNA , which is essential for protein synthesis. This specialized factory works continuously to create the components needed for ribosome assembly.
Ribosomes, the protein-manufacturing centers of the cell, exist in two forms: free ribosomes floating in the cytosol and bound ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum . These complex particles, composed of rRNA and proteins, are responsible for translating genetic instructions into functional proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum, occupying more than half of the cell's total membrane surface, provides an extensive network for protein processing and transport.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Join milions of students
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user