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Jan 1, 2026

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3 pages

Essential Concepts of Life's Chemistry: Campbell's Chapter 2 Notes

Ellena Wang

@llenaang_bghb

Dive into the world of chemistry that powers life itself!... Show more

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The Chemical Context of Life

Life is built from key elements known as CHONPS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur). Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules, nitrogen appears in proteins and nucleic acids, and phosphorus is crucial for lipids and nucleic acids.

The strength of molecular bonds matters in biology. Covalent bonds (both polar and nonpolar) are strongest, followed by ionic bonds, with hydrogen bonds being relatively weak. Van der Waals interactions occur when electrons aren't symmetrically distributed, creating temporary positive and negative regions that allow molecules to stick together.

Water is essential to life because it's a polar molecule. Its V-like shape creates a negatively charged oxygen region and positively charged hydrogen regions. This polarity leads to hydrogen bonding where the positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of another molecule.

💡 Quick Tip: Remember that water's unique properties (solvent ability, cohesion, density changes, and heat capacity) all stem from its polarity and hydrogen bonding—this connection appears frequently on tests!

Water excels as a solvent because it can dissolve polar and ionic compounds. For ionic compounds, water molecules form a hydration shell around individual ions, separating and shielding them from each other due to their opposite charges.

Properties of Water and Acids/Bases

Water's remarkable properties make life possible. Its cohesion $water-to-water attraction$ and adhesion $water-to-other-molecules attraction$ enable transpiration in plants and capillary action in roots. Ever wonder why ice floats? Water is less dense as a solid, allowing bodies of water to freeze only on top, insulating the liquid below and protecting marine life.

Water has a high heat capacity, meaning it requires significant heat to raise its temperature. This property moderates temperatures near large bodies of water, allows evaporative cooling (like sweating) in animals, and helps large water bodies sustain life even in winter.

Understanding acids and bases is crucial in biology. Acids increase hydrogen ion $H+$ concentration and have a pH below 7. Bases reduce H+ concentration $increasing OH- ions$ and have a pH above 7. The pH scale measures H+ concentration and is calculated as -log(M), where M is the H+ concentration.

🧪 Science in Action: Buffers are your body's pH defenders! They minimize changes in H+ and OH- concentrations by accepting H+ when in excess and donating H+ when depleted. This helps maintain the stable internal environment your cells need to function.

Buffers typically contain a weak acid and its corresponding base. A key example is carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which can dissociate into bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). This system helps maintain pH balance in biological systems.

Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification happens when excess carbon dioxide from our atmosphere dissolves in ocean water. This creates a chemical chain reaction: CO₂ combines with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), making the water more acidic.

The process continues as carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻). These additional hydrogen ions then combine with carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) to form more bicarbonate, reducing available carbonate in the water.

This reduction in carbonate ions creates a serious problem for marine life. Many organisms like corals and shellfish need carbonate ions to combine with calcium ions (Ca²⁺) to build their shells and skeletons through calcification $CO₃²⁻ + Ca²⁺ → CaCO₃$ .

🌊 Environmental Impact: Ocean acidification is like stealing building blocks from marine creatures! As pH drops, shell-building organisms struggle to create their protective structures, threatening entire marine ecosystems and the food webs that depend on them.

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AP Biology

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Jan 1, 2026

•

3 pages

Essential Concepts of Life's Chemistry: Campbell's Chapter 2 Notes

Ellena Wang

@llenaang_bghb

Dive into the world of chemistry that powers life itself! This guide breaks down the essential chemical foundations of biology, from molecular bonds to water properties, helping you understand how these fundamental concepts drive biological processes in all living things.

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The Chemical Context of Life

💡 Quick Tip: Remember that water's unique properties (solvent ability, cohesion, density changes, and heat capacity) all stem from its polarity and hydrogen bonding—this connection appears frequently on tests!

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Properties of Water and Acids/Bases

🧪 Science in Action: Buffers are your body's pH defenders! They minimize changes in H+ and OH- concentrations by accepting H+ when in excess and donating H+ when depleted. This helps maintain the stable internal environment your cells need to function.

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Ocean Acidification

🌊 Environmental Impact: Ocean acidification is like stealing building blocks from marine creatures! As pH drops, shell-building organisms struggle to create their protective structures, threatening entire marine ecosystems and the food webs that depend on them.