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How to Make Chemical Reactions Super Fast and Efficient!

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Sarah Khan

8/8/2022

Chemistry

Key to Passing Highers Chem - UNIT 3

How to Make Chemical Reactions Super Fast and Efficient!

Efficient Chemical Reaction Design and Industrial Processes: A comprehensive guide to optimizing chemical reactions through careful consideration of reactants, yields, and environmental impact. The document covers essential concepts including atom economy in sustainable development and methods to increase reaction rate through collision theory.

Key points:

  • Industrial chemical processes must balance efficiency with environmental responsibility
  • Reaction rates can be optimized through temperature, pressure, and particle size control
  • Understanding enthalpy changes and activation energy is crucial for process optimization
  • Equilibrium conditions and analytical techniques are vital for quality control
...

8/8/2022

164

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

View

Reaction Pathways and Energy Changes

This section delves into the energetics of chemical reactions, explaining concepts like enthalpy change, activation energy, and activation complexes.

Definition: Enthalpy change ΔHΔH is the energy difference between products and reactants.

Definition: Activation energy EaEa is the energy needed to start a reaction, equal to the difference between the energy of the activated complex and the reactants.

The activation complex is described as an unstable intermediate arrangement of atoms formed during a reaction.

Highlight: The activation complex only exists for a short period and can either form products or revert to reactants.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions are contrasted:

Definition: Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, resulting in a temperature increase.

Definition: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature decrease.

The section concludes with an explanation of kinetic energy distribution and its relation to temperature and activation energy.

Vocabulary: Kinetic energy distribution refers to the range of kinetic energies possessed by particles in a substance at a given temperature.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

View

Reaction Pathways and Energy Changes

This page delves into the energetics of chemical reactions, explaining:

  • Enthalpy change ΔHΔH: Energy difference between products and reactants
  • Activation energy EaEa: Energy barrier to start the reaction
  • Activation complex: Unstable intermediate arrangement of atoms

Highlight: The activation complex exists briefly at the peak of the energy barrier and can form either products or revert to reactants.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions are contrasted:

Exothermic reactions ΔH-ΔH:

  • Release energy to surroundings
  • Products have less energy than reactants

Endothermic reactions +ΔH+ΔH:

  • Absorb energy from surroundings
  • Products have more energy than reactants

Vocabulary: Kinetic energy distribution refers to the range of particle energies in a substance at a given temperature.

The page explains how temperature affects the kinetic energy distribution and the proportion of particles with sufficient energy to react.

Quote: "Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles in substance"

This understanding of reaction energetics is crucial for efficient chemical reaction design for industry, allowing optimization of reaction conditions and catalyst selection.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

View

Reaction Kinetics and Rate Laws

This page introduces the concept of reaction kinetics and rate laws, which are essential for efficient chemical reaction design for industry. Key points include:

  • Definition of reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products over time
  • Introduction of rate laws to describe how reaction rate depends on reactant concentrations
  • Explanation of rate constants and their dependence on temperature

Definition: A rate law is an equation that expresses the reaction rate in terms of concentrations of reactants and a rate constant.

The page likely covers:

  • General form of rate laws for different reaction orders
  • Methods for determining reaction order experimentally
  • Significance of rate-determining step in multi-step reactions

Example: For a reaction A + B → C, a possible rate law could be: Rate = kAABB, where k is the rate constant and AA and BB are concentrations.

Understanding rate laws allows chemists to predict how changes in conditions will affect reaction rates, crucial for optimizing industrial processes.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

View

Catalysis in Industrial Chemistry

This final page focuses on the critical role of catalysts in efficient chemical reaction design for industry. Key topics likely include:

  • Definition and types of catalysts homogeneous,heterogeneous,enzymeshomogeneous, heterogeneous, enzymes
  • How catalysts lower activation energy and provide alternative reaction pathways
  • Importance of catalysts in increasing reaction rates without being consumed
  • Examples of industrial catalytic processes

Highlight: Catalysts are fundamental to many industrial processes, enabling reactions to occur under milder conditions and with greater selectivity.

The page probably discusses:

  • Catalyst characteristics like activity, selectivity, and stability
  • Mechanisms of catalytic action
  • Economic and environmental benefits of catalysis

Example: The Haber process for ammonia production uses an iron catalyst to dramatically increase reaction rate at lower temperatures and pressures.

Understanding catalysis is crucial for developing sustainable and efficient industrial chemical processes, aligning with the importance of atom economy in sustainable development.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

View

Hess's Law and Bond Enthalpies

The fifth page covers thermodynamic principles and their industrial applications.

Definition: Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change is independent of the reaction pathway.

Vocabulary: Bond enthalpy is the energy required to break one mole of bonds.

Highlight: Understanding bond enthalpies helps predict overall energy changes in chemical reactions.

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Chemistry

164

Aug 8, 2022

6 pages

How to Make Chemical Reactions Super Fast and Efficient!

S

Sarah Khan

@userohllx_dtah

Efficient Chemical Reaction Design and Industrial Processes: A comprehensive guide to optimizing chemical reactions through careful consideration of reactants, yields, and environmental impact. The document covers essential concepts including atom economy in sustainable development and methods to increase reaction rate... Show more

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

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Reaction Pathways and Energy Changes

This section delves into the energetics of chemical reactions, explaining concepts like enthalpy change, activation energy, and activation complexes.

Definition: Enthalpy change ΔHΔH is the energy difference between products and reactants.

Definition: Activation energy EaEa is the energy needed to start a reaction, equal to the difference between the energy of the activated complex and the reactants.

The activation complex is described as an unstable intermediate arrangement of atoms formed during a reaction.

Highlight: The activation complex only exists for a short period and can either form products or revert to reactants.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions are contrasted:

Definition: Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, resulting in a temperature increase.

Definition: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature decrease.

The section concludes with an explanation of kinetic energy distribution and its relation to temperature and activation energy.

Vocabulary: Kinetic energy distribution refers to the range of kinetic energies possessed by particles in a substance at a given temperature.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Reaction Pathways and Energy Changes

This page delves into the energetics of chemical reactions, explaining:

  • Enthalpy change ΔHΔH: Energy difference between products and reactants
  • Activation energy EaEa: Energy barrier to start the reaction
  • Activation complex: Unstable intermediate arrangement of atoms

Highlight: The activation complex exists briefly at the peak of the energy barrier and can form either products or revert to reactants.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions are contrasted:

Exothermic reactions ΔH-ΔH:

  • Release energy to surroundings
  • Products have less energy than reactants

Endothermic reactions +ΔH+ΔH:

  • Absorb energy from surroundings
  • Products have more energy than reactants

Vocabulary: Kinetic energy distribution refers to the range of particle energies in a substance at a given temperature.

The page explains how temperature affects the kinetic energy distribution and the proportion of particles with sufficient energy to react.

Quote: "Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles in substance"

This understanding of reaction energetics is crucial for efficient chemical reaction design for industry, allowing optimization of reaction conditions and catalyst selection.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Reaction Kinetics and Rate Laws

This page introduces the concept of reaction kinetics and rate laws, which are essential for efficient chemical reaction design for industry. Key points include:

  • Definition of reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products over time
  • Introduction of rate laws to describe how reaction rate depends on reactant concentrations
  • Explanation of rate constants and their dependence on temperature

Definition: A rate law is an equation that expresses the reaction rate in terms of concentrations of reactants and a rate constant.

The page likely covers:

  • General form of rate laws for different reaction orders
  • Methods for determining reaction order experimentally
  • Significance of rate-determining step in multi-step reactions

Example: For a reaction A + B → C, a possible rate law could be: Rate = kAABB, where k is the rate constant and AA and BB are concentrations.

Understanding rate laws allows chemists to predict how changes in conditions will affect reaction rates, crucial for optimizing industrial processes.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Catalysis in Industrial Chemistry

This final page focuses on the critical role of catalysts in efficient chemical reaction design for industry. Key topics likely include:

  • Definition and types of catalysts homogeneous,heterogeneous,enzymeshomogeneous, heterogeneous, enzymes
  • How catalysts lower activation energy and provide alternative reaction pathways
  • Importance of catalysts in increasing reaction rates without being consumed
  • Examples of industrial catalytic processes

Highlight: Catalysts are fundamental to many industrial processes, enabling reactions to occur under milder conditions and with greater selectivity.

The page probably discusses:

  • Catalyst characteristics like activity, selectivity, and stability
  • Mechanisms of catalytic action
  • Economic and environmental benefits of catalysis

Example: The Haber process for ammonia production uses an iron catalyst to dramatically increase reaction rate at lower temperatures and pressures.

Understanding catalysis is crucial for developing sustainable and efficient industrial chemical processes, aligning with the importance of atom economy in sustainable development.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Hess's Law and Bond Enthalpies

The fifth page covers thermodynamic principles and their industrial applications.

Definition: Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change is independent of the reaction pathway.

Vocabulary: Bond enthalpy is the energy required to break one mole of bonds.

Highlight: Understanding bond enthalpies helps predict overall energy changes in chemical reactions.

a) GETTING THE MOST FROM REACTANTS
INDUSTRY:
Consideration when designing practical route to producing marketable products:
Availability and

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Getting the Most from Reactants in Industrial Chemistry

This section explores key considerations for designing practical and marketable chemical processes in industry. It covers important concepts like yield, atom economy, and sustainability.

Highlight: When designing chemical reactions for industry, factors like feedstock availability, sustainability, yield, side products, and environmental impact must all be carefully considered.

The percentage yield and atom economy are introduced as key metrics:

Definition: Percentage yield = Actualyield/TheoreticalyieldActual yield / Theoretical yield x 100

Definition: Atom economy = Massofdesiredproduct/TotalmassofreactantsMass of desired product / Total mass of reactants x 100

Highlight: Higher yields and atom economies indicate more efficient processes that use fewer resources and create less waste.

The relationship between yield and atom economy is noted to be inversely proportional.

Controlling Reaction Rates

This section covers collision theory and methods to control reaction rates in industrial processes.

Definition: Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation.

Methods to increase reaction rate through collision theory are explained:

  1. Decreasing particle size
  2. Increasing concentration
  3. Raising temperature
  4. Increasing pressure
  5. Adding catalysts

Example: Decreasing particle size increases surface area, exposing more particles for collision and increasing reaction rate.

The concept of activation energy is introduced:

Definition: Activation energy EaEa is the minimum kinetic energy required for a reaction to occur.

Various methods for measuring reaction rates are described, including monitoring changes in mass, volume, or concentration over time.

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Paul T

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

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Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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