As the situation on the island deteriorates, Ralph faces increasing challenges to his leadership and moral convictions. The conflict between Ralph and Jack represents the broader theme of civilization versus savagery, with Ralph striving to maintain order and reason in the face of growing chaos.

Ralph's character remains relatively consistent throughout the novel, serving as a beacon of sanity and reason amidst the growing madness. However, his experiences force him to confront the fragility of civilized behavior and the ease with which society can descend into barbarism.

Vocabulary: Atavism - The reversion to primitive behavior, a key concept in understanding the boys' descent into savagery.

The novel explores the question "What are we? Humans? or animals? or savages?" through Ralph's experiences and observations. His struggle to maintain his humanity in the face of overwhelming odds becomes a central focus of the narrative.

Definition: Nominative determinism - The idea that people tend to gravitate towards areas of work that fit their names. In Ralph's case, his name's meaning $"counsel wolf"$ ironically contrasts with his role as a voice of reason.

Golding uses Ralph's character to delve into complex themes of power, leadership, and the nature of evil. The contrast between Ralph's democratic leadership and Jack's demagogic approach highlights the different forms power can take in society.

Highlight: The conch shell, initially a symbol of order and civilization, loses its power as Jack's influence grows, symbolizing the erosion of democratic principles.

The novel explores various philosophical and psychological concepts through its characters. Ralph's experiences align with ideas from thinkers like Nietzsche, questioning the nature of morality in extreme situations.

Example: The concept of the "id" in Freudian psychology is reflected in the boys' behavior, particularly in characters like Jack and Roger who give in to their primal instincts.

Ralph's ultimate fate - being hunted by his former companions - serves as a powerful metaphor for the fragility of civilization and the potential for humanity to revert to a primitive state when societal structures break down.

Quote: "Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy."

Golding's novel is rich in symbolism, with Ralph often at the center of these symbolic elements. The conch shell, closely associated with Ralph, represents order and democracy. Its destruction symbolizes the complete breakdown of civilization on the island.

Vocabulary: Allegory - A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

The novel can be read as an allegory for broader societal and political issues. Ralph's struggle against Jack's authoritarian rule mirrors real-world conflicts between democracy and totalitarianism.

Example: The boys' descent into savagery can be seen as a microcosm of human society, reflecting the potential for barbarism that exists within civilization.

The character of Simon, often aligned with Ralph's more civilized approach, takes on Christ-like qualities in the novel. His death at the hands of the other boys, including Ralph, represents a pivotal moment in the loss of innocence and the triumph of savagery.

Quote: "His body moves out towards the ocean" - This description of Simon's death carries religious overtones, reinforcing the allegorical nature of the novel.

The themes explored through Ralph's character in Lord of the Flies continue to resonate with readers and scholars. The novel's exploration of the thin veneer of civilization and the potential for savagery within human nature remains relevant in contemporary discussions of society and politics.

Highlight: The concept of the "beast" in the novel, which Ralph initially dismisses but later comes to fear, serves as a powerful metaphor for the darkness within human nature.

Ralph's journey from innocence to experience, and his ultimate fight for survival against the forces of savagery, make him a compelling and complex character. His struggles encapsulate the central themes of the novel and provide a lens through which readers can examine their own humanity.

Quote: "What are we? Humans? or animals? or savages?" - This question, central to Ralph's experience, continues to challenge readers to examine the nature of humanity and civilization.

The novel's themes of savagery and civilization are intricately woven throughout Ralph's narrative, making his character essential to understanding Golding's critique of human nature and society. Ralph's story serves as a warning about the fragility of civilization and the constant vigilance required to maintain it.

The conclusion examines the ultimate consequences of the boys' descent into savagery, focusing on the destruction of innocence and civilization.

Quote: "But they are savages it's"

Highlight: The fragmentation of the conch into "thousands of white fragments" symbolizes the complete breakdown of civilized order.

Ralph emerges as a central figure in William Golding's Lord of the Flies, embodying the struggle between civilization and savagery. His character is introduced as physically strong and dominant, "built like a boxer," which initially contributes to his selection as leader. Ralph's leadership style is characterized by democratic principles and fairness, setting him apart from the more authoritarian Jack.

Highlight: Ralph's democratic approach to leadership is exemplified by his use of the conch shell to maintain order and give everyone a voice in group discussions.

Throughout the novel, Ralph demonstrates empathy and responsibility, particularly in his efforts to build shelters for the younger boys $littluns$. This caring nature contrasts sharply with the growing savagery on the island.

Example: Ralph's commitment to maintaining a signal fire demonstrates his focus on rescue and connection to civilization, while others become increasingly focused on hunting and immediate gratification.

The character's journey is a bildungsroman, tracing his loss of innocence as he confronts the darker aspects of human nature. Ralph's involvement in Simon's death marks a pivotal moment, revealing the duality within him and the struggle between his civilized ideals and primal instincts.

Quote: "Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart."