APES Unit 3.5: Understanding Population Growth and Resource Distribution

kendall :)

11/29/2025

AP Environmental Science

APES Unit 3.5 Population Growth & Resource Availability

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Nov 29, 2025

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3 pages

APES Unit 3.5: Understanding Population Growth and Resource Distribution

kendall :)

@kendall_moqo

Population ecology examines how groups of organisms grow and interact... Show more

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Population Characteristics

Ever wonder why some animal populations thrive while others struggle? It all comes down to key characteristics that define populations. Population size (N) represents the total number of individuals in an area at a specific time. Larger populations typically have better protection against population decline.

Population density measures the number of individuals per unit area (like 12 panthers per square kilometer). High density populations face greater challenges including increased competition, higher risk of disease outbreaks, and faster depletion of food resources.

Population distribution describes how individuals are spaced relative to each other. This can be random (like trees in a forest), uniform (seen in territorial animals that maintain specific distances), or clumped (typical of herd animals that gather in groups).

💡 Think of population distribution patterns like seating in a school cafeteria: random (sitting wherever there's space), uniform (everyone keeping personal distance), or clumped (friend groups sitting together).

Population Factors

The sex ratio of a population (proportion of males to females) significantly impacts breeding potential. A balanced ratio near 50:50 typically creates optimal breeding conditions. When disasters cause a die-off or bottleneck effect, the resulting skewed sex ratio can seriously limit population growth.

Density-dependent factors only affect populations as they grow larger. These include food availability, competition for habitat, access to water and light, and disease spread. Small populations rarely experience these pressures, while large populations feel their full effects.

These factors create natural checks on population size - when resources become scarce, population growth slows or stops. This relationship between population size and resource availability is fundamental to understanding ecosystem dynamics.

🔍 Real-world example: When deer populations grow too large in areas without predators, they face increased competition for food, which can lead to malnutrition and disease outbreaks.

Population Growth Models

When conditions are ideal, populations exhibit their biotic potential - the maximum possible growth rate without limiting factors. This creates exponential growth where numbers increase rapidly, but it never lasts forever in natural systems.

Eventually, limiting factors like food scarcity, competition, disease, or predation slow growth and establish the population's carrying capacity (K) - the maximum sustainable population size. This creates a logistic growth pattern: rapid initial growth followed by a plateau as the population approaches carrying capacity.

You can calculate population changes using a simple equation: Population size = $Immigrations + births$ - $emigrations + deaths$ . For example, if an elk population of 52 experiences 19 births, 6 deaths, 5 immigrations, and 0 emigrations, the calculation would be: (19+5) - (6+0) = +18 elk, resulting in a new population of 70 elk.

⚡ The concept of carrying capacity applies to humans too! Earth's resources can only support a finite human population, though technology has temporarily increased our carrying capacity through more efficient resource use.

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AP Environmental Science

•

Nov 29, 2025

•

3 pages

APES Unit 3.5: Understanding Population Growth and Resource Distribution

kendall :)

@kendall_moqo

Population ecology examines how groups of organisms grow and interact with their environment. Understanding population characteristics and growth patterns helps us predict how species respond to environmental changes and resource limitations.

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Population Characteristics

💡 Think of population distribution patterns like seating in a school cafeteria: random (sitting wherever there's space), uniform (everyone keeping personal distance), or clumped (friend groups sitting together).

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Population Factors

🔍 Real-world example: When deer populations grow too large in areas without predators, they face increased competition for food, which can lead to malnutrition and disease outbreaks.

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Population Growth Models

⚡ The concept of carrying capacity applies to humans too! Earth's resources can only support a finite human population, though technology has temporarily increased our carrying capacity through more efficient resource use.