Psychological Effects and Recidivism

Custodial sentencing, while aimed at addressing criminal behavior, can have significant psychological impacts on offenders and may not always effectively prevent reoffending.

Research has shown that employment programs in prisons can have a positive effect on reducing recidivism rates. A study by Gillis and Nefekh analyzed data from Canada's offender management system, involving 23,525 criminals released over a seven-year period. The experimental group, which completed an employment program and had a job upon release, was less likely to reoffend compared to a matched control group without such support. Approximately 70% of the experimental group stayed out of prison, compared to only 55% of the control group.

However, custodial sentencing is associated with several psychological effects:

1. Higher suicide rates in prison compared to the general population.
2. Increased risk of psychological disorders developing after release due to the stress of the prison experience.
3. Institutionalization, where offenders become so accustomed to prison life that they struggle to function outside of it.
4. Prisonization, a process where offenders are socialized into the inmate code, potentially adopting behaviors that are acceptable in prison but problematic in the outside world.

Recidivism, or the tendency to relapse into criminal behavior, remains a significant challenge. Typically, about 45% of offenders reoffend within a year of release. However, reoffending rates differ between countries, with those focusing more on rehabilitation and skill development, like Norway, having lower rates $around 20$ compared to countries like the US $around 60$.

Vocabulary: Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend or relapse into criminal behavior.

Example: Norway's focus on rehabilitation and skill development in its prison system has resulted in a significantly lower recidivism rate $20$ compared to the United States $60$.

Highlight: Employment programs in prisons can significantly reduce recidivism rates, as demonstrated by the Canadian study where 70% of participants who completed such programs stayed out of prison compared to 55% of those who didn't.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Custodial Sentencing

When assessing the effectiveness of custodial sentencing, it's crucial to consider both its potential benefits and drawbacks. This evaluation helps in understanding the complex nature of imprisonment and its impact on offenders and society.

One significant concern is the high psychological cost of imprisonment. Evidence suggests that the prison experience can be demeaning, brutal, and devastating for inmates. In 2016, the Ministry of Justice reported 119 suicides in prisons, marking a 32% increase from the previous year. This alarming statistic indicates that the current prison system may have severe negative impacts that outweigh its intended benefits.

On the other hand, education and training programs in prisons have shown promising results in reducing recidivism. Many offenders have access to such programs, which increase their chances of employment upon release. A study by Shirley $2019$ found that offenders who participated in education programs were 43% less likely to reoffend. This demonstrates a clear benefit of custodial sentencing when it includes rehabilitative elements, as it can decrease reoffending rates by providing offenders with opportunities to improve their lives and find purpose.

However, there's also a potential downside to placing offenders together in a prison environment. Drawing from the differential association theory, there's a risk that offenders may learn new criminal techniques from each other during their time in prison. Upon release, they might test out these newly acquired methods, potentially leading to further criminal activity and increased reoffending rates.

Quote: "If education and training is provided in prison, offenders will be less likely to reoffend because they are more likely to get a job after release."

Highlight: While custodial sentencing can have severe psychological impacts, including increased suicide rates, incorporating education and training programs can significantly reduce recidivism by improving offenders' employment prospects post-release.

Example: The study by Shirley $2019$ found that offenders who participated in education programs were 43% less likely to reoffend, illustrating the potential effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts within the prison system.

Negative Aspects of Prison Environment

The final page examines potential drawbacks of the prison environment, particularly regarding peer influence.

Highlight: The differential association theory suggests that placing offenders together may lead to increased criminal knowledge and subsequent reoffending.

Example: Prisoners may learn new criminal techniques from other inmates, potentially increasing their likelihood of reoffending upon release.

This analysis emphasizes the importance of considering both the benefits and risks of custodial sentencing in achieving its intended goals.

Custodial Sentencing and Its Aims

Custodial sentencing refers to a form of punishment where offenders are required to spend time in custody or other closed institutions as a consequence of their criminal actions. This approach to criminal justice serves multiple purposes within the legal system.

The aims of custodial sentencing can be categorized into four main objectives:

1. Deterrence: The unpleasant experience of imprisonment is intended to discourage criminal behavior. This operates on two levels: a) General deterrence aims to send a message to society that crime is not tolerated. b) Individual deterrence seeks to prevent the specific offender from repeating their crime based on their prison experience.
2. Incapacitation: By removing offenders from society, custodial sentencing aims to prevent reoffending and protect the public. The duration and nature of incapacitation often depend on the severity and type of offense committed.
3. Retribution: This aim focuses on the concept of punishment as a form of societal revenge. It operates on the principle that: a) The offender should suffer for their actions. b) The level of suffering should be proportionate to the offense committed. c) Prison is often viewed as the most appropriate option for achieving this goal.
4. Rehabilitation: This objective aims to reform prisoners, with the goal of helping offenders leave prison better adjusted for life in society. Rehabilitation programs should provide opportunities for skill development, training, or treatment, allowing offenders time for reflection and personal growth.

Definition: Custodial sentencing is a form of punishment where the offender spends time in custody or other closed therapeutic or educational institution as a consequence of their criminal actions.

Highlight: The four main aims of custodial sentencing are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation, each serving a distinct purpose in the criminal justice system.