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Layla Guthrie

1/17/2023

AP Psychology

Unit 2: The Nervous System Study Guide

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AP Psychology

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Biological Bases of Behavior

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The Brain and Its Structures/Functions

Discover the Human Nervous System!

The detailed structure of the human nervous system encompasses a complex network responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body, controlling everything from basic reflexes to complex cognitive functions.

  • The nervous system is divided into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (somatic and autonomic) components
  • Different types of neurons, including sensory, motor, and interneurons, work together to process and transmit information
  • Function of different types of neurons in the body includes receiving sensory input, processing information, and controlling muscle movements
  • Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, dopamine, and GABA play crucial roles in neural communication
  • The brain's structure includes specialized regions for various functions, from basic survival to complex cognitive processes
...

1/17/2023

122

The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

Types of Neurons and Neural Pathways

The pathway of nerve impulses in sensory and motor neurons demonstrates how information flows through the nervous system. This chapter explores the various types of neurons and their specific roles in neural communication.

Definition: Receptor cells are specialized cells in sensory organs that detect environmental changes and initiate neural responses.

Example: When a student hears a question and raises their hand, the signal follows this pathway:

  1. Receptor cells in the ear
  2. Sensory neurons
  3. Interneurons in the brain
  4. Motor neurons
  5. Arm muscles effectorseffectors

Highlight: The synapse, a gap between neurons, is crucial for signal transmission through neurotransmitters.

Vocabulary:

  • Presynaptic neuron: The sending neuron
  • Postsynaptic neuron: The receiving neuron
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that cross the synapse
The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

This section details the various neurotransmitters and their specific roles in neural communication and behavior regulation.

Definition: Acetylcholine AChACh is a versatile neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory, functioning as a neuromodulator.

Highlight: Dopamine plays a crucial role in both motor control and reward pathways, while endorphins are natural pain relievers.

Example: The dopamine reward pathway activates when we experience pleasure, explaining why certain substances can be addictive.

Vocabulary:

  • Neuromodulator: A neurotransmitter that regulates large groups of neurons
  • Endorphins: Endogenous morphine produced by the body
  • Reuptake: Process of recycling unused neurotransmitters
The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

Neurotransmitter Functions: Acetylcholine and Dopamine

This section explores the crucial role of neurotransmitters in neural communication, focusing on acetylcholine and dopamine.

Highlight: Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory and plays a vital role in memory formation in the hippocampus.

Definition: Neuromodulators are neurotransmitters that regulate the actions of large groups of neurons.

Example: Low levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus are linked to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

Neurotransmitters: GABA and Glutamate

The page details the roles of GABA and glutamate in neural function and various neurological conditions.

Definition: GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain activity.

Highlight: Anxiety disorders are associated with low GABA levels, while alcohol enhances GABA activity, leading to impaired function.

Vocabulary: Action potential refers to the electrochemical process generating neural impulses.

The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

The Reflex Arc

This section explains the reflex arc's structure and importance in rapid response to stimuli.

Definition: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that allows for quick, automatic responses to stimuli before conscious awareness.

Example: When touching something hot, the reflex arc enables immediate withdrawal before the conscious perception of pain.

Highlight: The adaptive nature of the reflex arc ensures rapid response to potentially harmful stimuli.

The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

View

Brainstem Structure and Function

The page details the components and functions of the hindbrain or brainstem.

Vocabulary: The brainstem is often referred to as the "reptilian brain" due to its primitive nature.

Definition: The medulla controls vital biological functions like breathing and heartbeat.

Highlight: The cerebellum coordinates both involuntary balance maintenance and precise voluntary movements.

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Subjects

AP Psychology

Biological Bases of Behavior

The Brain and Its Structures/Functions

 

AP Psychology

•

122

•

Jan 17, 2023

•

7 pages

Discover the Human Nervous System!

user profile picture

Layla Guthrie

@laylaguthrie_aoly

The detailed structure of the human nervous system encompasses a complex network responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body, controlling everything from basic reflexes to complex cognitive functions.

  • The nervous system is divided into central (brain and spinal cord)... Show more

The Nervous System The body system that transfers electrochemical messages called impulses throughout the body Impulses cause muscles to con

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Join milions of students

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Types of Neurons and Neural Pathways

The pathway of nerve impulses in sensory and motor neurons demonstrates how information flows through the nervous system. This chapter explores the various types of neurons and their specific roles in neural communication.

Definition: Receptor cells are specialized cells in sensory organs that detect environmental changes and initiate neural responses.

Example: When a student hears a question and raises their hand, the signal follows this pathway:

  1. Receptor cells in the ear
  2. Sensory neurons
  3. Interneurons in the brain
  4. Motor neurons
  5. Arm muscles effectorseffectors

Highlight: The synapse, a gap between neurons, is crucial for signal transmission through neurotransmitters.

Vocabulary:

  • Presynaptic neuron: The sending neuron
  • Postsynaptic neuron: The receiving neuron
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that cross the synapse

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Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

This section details the various neurotransmitters and their specific roles in neural communication and behavior regulation.

Definition: Acetylcholine AChACh is a versatile neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory, functioning as a neuromodulator.

Highlight: Dopamine plays a crucial role in both motor control and reward pathways, while endorphins are natural pain relievers.

Example: The dopamine reward pathway activates when we experience pleasure, explaining why certain substances can be addictive.

Vocabulary:

  • Neuromodulator: A neurotransmitter that regulates large groups of neurons
  • Endorphins: Endogenous morphine produced by the body
  • Reuptake: Process of recycling unused neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitter Functions: Acetylcholine and Dopamine

This section explores the crucial role of neurotransmitters in neural communication, focusing on acetylcholine and dopamine.

Highlight: Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory and plays a vital role in memory formation in the hippocampus.

Definition: Neuromodulators are neurotransmitters that regulate the actions of large groups of neurons.

Example: Low levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus are linked to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

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Neurotransmitters: GABA and Glutamate

The page details the roles of GABA and glutamate in neural function and various neurological conditions.

Definition: GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain activity.

Highlight: Anxiety disorders are associated with low GABA levels, while alcohol enhances GABA activity, leading to impaired function.

Vocabulary: Action potential refers to the electrochemical process generating neural impulses.

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The Reflex Arc

This section explains the reflex arc's structure and importance in rapid response to stimuli.

Definition: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that allows for quick, automatic responses to stimuli before conscious awareness.

Example: When touching something hot, the reflex arc enables immediate withdrawal before the conscious perception of pain.

Highlight: The adaptive nature of the reflex arc ensures rapid response to potentially harmful stimuli.

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Brainstem Structure and Function

The page details the components and functions of the hindbrain or brainstem.

Vocabulary: The brainstem is often referred to as the "reptilian brain" due to its primitive nature.

Definition: The medulla controls vital biological functions like breathing and heartbeat.

Highlight: The cerebellum coordinates both involuntary balance maintenance and precise voluntary movements.

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Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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The Fundamentals of the Nervous System

The nervous system serves as the body's primary communication network, orchestrating electrochemical messages throughout the organism. The function of different types of neurons in the body is essential for maintaining both voluntary and involuntary processes.

Definition: The nervous system is a complex network that transmits electrochemical signals called impulses throughout the body, controlling muscle movement, gland secretion, and cognitive functions.

Highlight: The system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system brainandspinalcordbrain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system somaticandautonomicsomatic and autonomic.

Example: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions like walking, while the autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions like heartbeat.

Vocabulary: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, consisting of several key parts:

  • Soma cellbodycell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Terminal buttons

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Stefan S

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

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Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

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Marco B

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Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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