The detailed structure of the human nervous systemencompasses a... Show more
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
6
0
Unit 2: The Nervous System Study Guide
Types of Neurons and Neural Pathways
The pathway of nerve impulses in sensory and motor neurons demonstrates how information flows through the nervous system. This chapter explores the various types of neurons and their specific roles in neural communication.
Definition: Receptor cells are specialized cells in sensory organs that detect environmental changes and initiate neural responses.
Example: When a student hears a question and raises their hand, the signal follows this pathway:
- Receptor cells in the ear
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons in the brain
- Motor neurons
- Arm muscles
Highlight: The synapse, a gap between neurons, is crucial for signal transmission through neurotransmitters.
Vocabulary:
- Presynaptic neuron: The sending neuron
- Postsynaptic neuron: The receiving neuron
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that cross the synapse
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
This section details the various neurotransmitters and their specific roles in neural communication and behavior regulation.
Definition: Acetylcholine is a versatile neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory, functioning as a neuromodulator.
Highlight: Dopamine plays a crucial role in both motor control and reward pathways, while endorphins are natural pain relievers.
Example: The dopamine reward pathway activates when we experience pleasure, explaining why certain substances can be addictive.
Vocabulary:
- Neuromodulator: A neurotransmitter that regulates large groups of neurons
- Endorphins: Endogenous morphine produced by the body
- Reuptake: Process of recycling unused neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter Functions: Acetylcholine and Dopamine
This section explores the crucial role of neurotransmitters in neural communication, focusing on acetylcholine and dopamine.
Highlight: Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory and plays a vital role in memory formation in the hippocampus.
Definition: Neuromodulators are neurotransmitters that regulate the actions of large groups of neurons.
Example: Low levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus are linked to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.
Neurotransmitters: GABA and Glutamate
The page details the roles of GABA and glutamate in neural function and various neurological conditions.
Definition: GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain activity.
Highlight: Anxiety disorders are associated with low GABA levels, while alcohol enhances GABA activity, leading to impaired function.
Vocabulary: Action potential refers to the electrochemical process generating neural impulses.
The Reflex Arc
This section explains the reflex arc's structure and importance in rapid response to stimuli.
Definition: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that allows for quick, automatic responses to stimuli before conscious awareness.
Example: When touching something hot, the reflex arc enables immediate withdrawal before the conscious perception of pain.
Highlight: The adaptive nature of the reflex arc ensures rapid response to potentially harmful stimuli.
Brainstem Structure and Function
The page details the components and functions of the hindbrain or brainstem.
Vocabulary: The brainstem is often referred to as the "reptilian brain" due to its primitive nature.
Definition: The medulla controls vital biological functions like breathing and heartbeat.
Highlight: The cerebellum coordinates both involuntary balance maintenance and precise voluntary movements.
The Fundamentals of the Nervous System
The nervous system serves as the body's primary communication network, orchestrating electrochemical messages throughout the organism. The function of different types of neurons in the body is essential for maintaining both voluntary and involuntary processes.
Definition: The nervous system is a complex network that transmits electrochemical signals called impulses throughout the body, controlling muscle movement, gland secretion, and cognitive functions.
Highlight: The system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system .
Example: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions like walking, while the autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions like heartbeat.
Vocabulary: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, consisting of several key parts:
- Soma
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Myelin sheath
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Terminal buttons
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Discover the Human Nervous System!
The detailed structure of the human nervous system encompasses a complex network responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body, controlling everything from basic reflexes to complex cognitive functions.
- The nervous system is divided into central (brain and spinal cord)... Show more
Types of Neurons and Neural Pathways
The pathway of nerve impulses in sensory and motor neurons demonstrates how information flows through the nervous system. This chapter explores the various types of neurons and their specific roles in neural communication.
Definition: Receptor cells are specialized cells in sensory organs that detect environmental changes and initiate neural responses.
Example: When a student hears a question and raises their hand, the signal follows this pathway:
- Receptor cells in the ear
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons in the brain
- Motor neurons
- Arm muscles
Highlight: The synapse, a gap between neurons, is crucial for signal transmission through neurotransmitters.
Vocabulary:
- Presynaptic neuron: The sending neuron
- Postsynaptic neuron: The receiving neuron
- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that cross the synapse
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
This section details the various neurotransmitters and their specific roles in neural communication and behavior regulation.
Definition: Acetylcholine is a versatile neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory, functioning as a neuromodulator.
Highlight: Dopamine plays a crucial role in both motor control and reward pathways, while endorphins are natural pain relievers.
Example: The dopamine reward pathway activates when we experience pleasure, explaining why certain substances can be addictive.
Vocabulary:
- Neuromodulator: A neurotransmitter that regulates large groups of neurons
- Endorphins: Endogenous morphine produced by the body
- Reuptake: Process of recycling unused neurotransmitters
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Neurotransmitter Functions: Acetylcholine and Dopamine
This section explores the crucial role of neurotransmitters in neural communication, focusing on acetylcholine and dopamine.
Highlight: Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory and plays a vital role in memory formation in the hippocampus.
Definition: Neuromodulators are neurotransmitters that regulate the actions of large groups of neurons.
Example: Low levels of acetylcholine in the hippocampus are linked to memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Neurotransmitters: GABA and Glutamate
The page details the roles of GABA and glutamate in neural function and various neurological conditions.
Definition: GABA is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain activity.
Highlight: Anxiety disorders are associated with low GABA levels, while alcohol enhances GABA activity, leading to impaired function.
Vocabulary: Action potential refers to the electrochemical process generating neural impulses.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Reflex Arc
This section explains the reflex arc's structure and importance in rapid response to stimuli.
Definition: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that allows for quick, automatic responses to stimuli before conscious awareness.
Example: When touching something hot, the reflex arc enables immediate withdrawal before the conscious perception of pain.
Highlight: The adaptive nature of the reflex arc ensures rapid response to potentially harmful stimuli.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Brainstem Structure and Function
The page details the components and functions of the hindbrain or brainstem.
Vocabulary: The brainstem is often referred to as the "reptilian brain" due to its primitive nature.
Definition: The medulla controls vital biological functions like breathing and heartbeat.
Highlight: The cerebellum coordinates both involuntary balance maintenance and precise voluntary movements.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Fundamentals of the Nervous System
The nervous system serves as the body's primary communication network, orchestrating electrochemical messages throughout the organism. The function of different types of neurons in the body is essential for maintaining both voluntary and involuntary processes.
Definition: The nervous system is a complex network that transmits electrochemical signals called impulses throughout the body, controlling muscle movement, gland secretion, and cognitive functions.
Highlight: The system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system .
Example: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions like walking, while the autonomic nervous system manages involuntary functions like heartbeat.
Vocabulary: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, consisting of several key parts:
- Soma
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Myelin sheath
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Terminal buttons
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user