Operant Conditioning

This page introduces operant conditioning, another fundamental learning process distinct from classical conditioning. Operant conditioning focuses on how the consequences of a behavior influence its future occurrence.

Definition: Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequences that follow it.

Key points about operant conditioning:

• Behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences increase in frequency
• Behaviors followed by punishing consequences decrease in frequency
• The learner plays an active role, unlike in classical conditioning

Historical background:

• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) is considered the founder of operant conditioning
• Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) developed the Law of Effect, which laid the groundwork for operant conditioning

Quote: "Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely." - Law of Effect

Skinner's experiments:

• Used the "Skinner Box" or operant conditioning chamber
• Demonstrated how reinforcement can shape behavior

Types of reinforcement:

• Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior
• Negative reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior

Example: A rat in a Skinner box learns to press a lever more frequently when doing so delivers food pellets (positive reinforcement) or stops an unpleasant noise (negative reinforcement).

The page emphasizes that operant conditioning principles are widely applicable to understanding and modifying human and animal behavior.

Reinforcement Schedules and Applications

This page delves deeper into the nuances of operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement schedules and their practical applications.

Reinforcement Schedules:

1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs
2. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Reinforcing the behavior only some of the time

Types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules:

• Fixed-Ratio (FR): Reinforcement after a set number of responses
• Variable-Ratio (VR): Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses
• Fixed-Interval (FI): Reinforcement for the first response after a set time period
• Variable-Interval (VI): Reinforcement for the first response after a varying time period

Highlight: Variable-ratio schedules typically produce the highest, most stable rates of responding and are most resistant to extinction.

Applications of Operant Conditioning:

1. Behavior Modification: Using reinforcement and punishment to change behavior
2. Token Economies: Rewarding desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
3. Biofeedback: Learning to control physiological processes through operant techniques

Example: A classroom token economy where students earn points for good behavior that can be exchanged for rewards demonstrates applied operant conditioning.

Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning:

• Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors
• Both processes can work together in complex learning situations

Vocabulary: Cognitive processes, such as expectancies and attention, play a role in both classical and operant conditioning, bridging behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning.

The page concludes by emphasizing the widespread influence of conditioning principles in various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training.