Overall Summary
Classical conditioning and operant conditioningform the cornerstone... Show more
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Careers
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Selina
9/1/2025
AP Psychology
Unit 4 Outline: Learning
156
•
Sep 1, 2025
•
Selina
@suuhleena
Overall Summary
Classical conditioning and operant conditioningform the cornerstone... Show more
This page explores the lasting impact of Pavlov's work on classical conditioning theory and its applications. Key concepts discussed include:
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery:
Example: If a dog stops salivating to a bell that no longer predicts food, but then suddenly salivates again to the bell after a break, this demonstrates extinction followed by spontaneous recovery.
Higher-Order Conditioning: A new neutral stimulus can become a CS by association with a previously conditioned stimulus, without direct pairing with the US.
Vocabulary: Higher-order conditioning (also called second-order conditioning) extends the reach of classical conditioning beyond direct associations.
Generalization and Discrimination:
Applications of Classical Conditioning: The principles apply to various aspects of human behavior and health, including:
Highlight: Pavlov's work provided a foundation for behaviorism, influencing later psychologists like John B. Watson who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment.
This page introduces operant conditioning, another fundamental learning process distinct from classical conditioning. Operant conditioning focuses on how the consequences of a behavior influence its future occurrence.
Definition: Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequences that follow it.
Key points about operant conditioning:
Historical background:
Quote: "Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely." - Law of Effect
Skinner's experiments:
Types of reinforcement:
Example: A rat in a Skinner box learns to press a lever more frequently when doing so delivers food pellets (positive reinforcement) or stops an unpleasant noise (negative reinforcement).
The page emphasizes that operant conditioning principles are widely applicable to understanding and modifying human and animal behavior.
This page delves deeper into the nuances of operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement schedules and their practical applications.
Reinforcement Schedules:
Types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules:
Highlight: Variable-ratio schedules typically produce the highest, most stable rates of responding and are most resistant to extinction.
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
Example: A classroom token economy where students earn points for good behavior that can be exchanged for rewards demonstrates applied operant conditioning.
Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning:
Vocabulary: Cognitive processes, such as expectancies and attention, play a role in both classical and operant conditioning, bridging behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning.
The page concludes by emphasizing the widespread influence of conditioning principles in various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training.
This final page explores observational learning and the role of cognitive factors in the learning process, expanding beyond classical and operant conditioning.
Observational Learning:
Definition: Observational learning is the process of acquiring new behaviors by watching and imitating others, without direct reinforcement.
Key Aspects of Observational Learning:
Example: A child learning to tie shoelaces by watching a parent demonstrates observational learning in action.
Cognitive Factors in Learning:
Highlight: The cognitive perspective emphasizes that learning involves mental processes beyond simple stimulus-response associations.
Applications of Observational Learning:
Ethical Considerations:
Quote: "Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." - Albert Bandura
The page concludes by emphasizing the integration of behaviorist and cognitive approaches in modern learning theory, recognizing the complex interplay between environmental influences and internal mental processes in shaping behavior.
Page 5: Biological and Environmental Influences on Learning
The page examines various factors affecting learning, including biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
Vocabulary: The Garcia effect demonstrates how organisms make adaptive associations between stimuli and consequences.
Highlight: Learning is adaptive, with each species developing behaviors that aid survival.
This page introduces key concepts in learning and classical conditioning psychology. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience. There are two main types of conditioning:
Classical conditioning theory explains how a neutral stimulus can gain the power to elicit a response by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. This was famously demonstrated in the Pavlov dog experiment.
Definition: Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response by predicting another stimulus that already produces that response.
Highlight: It takes about two months for behaviors to become habitual through conditioning.
The page outlines Pavlov's experiments with dogs, explaining key terminology:
Example: Before conditioning, the bell (neutral stimulus) produces no salivation. During conditioning, the bell is paired with food. After conditioning, the bell alone (now a conditioned stimulus) produces salivation (the conditioned response).
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Selina
@suuhleena
Overall Summary
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning form the cornerstone of learning psychology, demonstrating how both involuntary and voluntary behaviors are shaped through experience. This comprehensive guide explores the fundamental principles of learning, from Pavlov's dog experimentto modern applications... Show more
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Join milions of students
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This page explores the lasting impact of Pavlov's work on classical conditioning theory and its applications. Key concepts discussed include:
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery:
Example: If a dog stops salivating to a bell that no longer predicts food, but then suddenly salivates again to the bell after a break, this demonstrates extinction followed by spontaneous recovery.
Higher-Order Conditioning: A new neutral stimulus can become a CS by association with a previously conditioned stimulus, without direct pairing with the US.
Vocabulary: Higher-order conditioning (also called second-order conditioning) extends the reach of classical conditioning beyond direct associations.
Generalization and Discrimination:
Applications of Classical Conditioning: The principles apply to various aspects of human behavior and health, including:
Highlight: Pavlov's work provided a foundation for behaviorism, influencing later psychologists like John B. Watson who conducted the famous Little Albert experiment.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces operant conditioning, another fundamental learning process distinct from classical conditioning. Operant conditioning focuses on how the consequences of a behavior influence its future occurrence.
Definition: Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequences that follow it.
Key points about operant conditioning:
Historical background:
Quote: "Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely." - Law of Effect
Skinner's experiments:
Types of reinforcement:
Example: A rat in a Skinner box learns to press a lever more frequently when doing so delivers food pellets (positive reinforcement) or stops an unpleasant noise (negative reinforcement).
The page emphasizes that operant conditioning principles are widely applicable to understanding and modifying human and animal behavior.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves deeper into the nuances of operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement schedules and their practical applications.
Reinforcement Schedules:
Types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules:
Highlight: Variable-ratio schedules typically produce the highest, most stable rates of responding and are most resistant to extinction.
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
Example: A classroom token economy where students earn points for good behavior that can be exchanged for rewards demonstrates applied operant conditioning.
Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning:
Vocabulary: Cognitive processes, such as expectancies and attention, play a role in both classical and operant conditioning, bridging behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning.
The page concludes by emphasizing the widespread influence of conditioning principles in various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This final page explores observational learning and the role of cognitive factors in the learning process, expanding beyond classical and operant conditioning.
Observational Learning:
Definition: Observational learning is the process of acquiring new behaviors by watching and imitating others, without direct reinforcement.
Key Aspects of Observational Learning:
Example: A child learning to tie shoelaces by watching a parent demonstrates observational learning in action.
Cognitive Factors in Learning:
Highlight: The cognitive perspective emphasizes that learning involves mental processes beyond simple stimulus-response associations.
Applications of Observational Learning:
Ethical Considerations:
Quote: "Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." - Albert Bandura
The page concludes by emphasizing the integration of behaviorist and cognitive approaches in modern learning theory, recognizing the complex interplay between environmental influences and internal mental processes in shaping behavior.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 5: Biological and Environmental Influences on Learning
The page examines various factors affecting learning, including biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.
Vocabulary: The Garcia effect demonstrates how organisms make adaptive associations between stimuli and consequences.
Highlight: Learning is adaptive, with each species developing behaviors that aid survival.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces key concepts in learning and classical conditioning psychology. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience. There are two main types of conditioning:
Classical conditioning theory explains how a neutral stimulus can gain the power to elicit a response by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. This was famously demonstrated in the Pavlov dog experiment.
Definition: Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response by predicting another stimulus that already produces that response.
Highlight: It takes about two months for behaviors to become habitual through conditioning.
The page outlines Pavlov's experiments with dogs, explaining key terminology:
Example: Before conditioning, the bell (neutral stimulus) produces no salivation. During conditioning, the bell is paired with food. After conditioning, the bell alone (now a conditioned stimulus) produces salivation (the conditioned response).
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user