Complex Civilizations in the Americas
During this period, various civilizations in the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems.
Notable examples include:
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Incan Empire:
Implemented the Mit'a system, which conscripted citizens between 15-50 years old for public service.
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Aztec Empire:
Boasted a large population with impressive architecture and bustling markets.
Utilized a tribute system to maintain political dominance over conquered territories without direct involvement.
Definition: Mit'a system - A form of mandatory public service in the Incan Empire for citizens aged 15-50.
African State-Building and Trade Networks
African state-building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religion.
Key developments:
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Zimbabwe: Became powerful due to its proximity to trade networks, agriculture, and gold deposits.
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Indian Ocean Trade: Merchants aided in the development of the Swahili language, a blend of Bantu and Arabic.
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Ethiopia: A rare Christian kingdom outside of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, featuring monumental architecture and a syncretic blend of Christianity and local beliefs.
Vocabulary: Syncretic - Combining different religious beliefs or practices.
European State-Building Characteristics
State-building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies.
Key features:
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Roman Catholic Church: Wielded significant power, with Jews also present but in smaller numbers.
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Feudalism: A system of loyalty between different classes based on land ownership and hierarchy.
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Manorialism: A decentralized economic system centered around self-sufficient agricultural estates.
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Agricultural innovations: Introduction of the three-field system improved crop yields.
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Shift towards centralized power: Monarchies began consolidating their authority during this period.
Example: The three-field system allowed farmers to cultivate two-thirds of their land at a time, increasing overall agricultural productivity.