Vretenčarji so največja skupina živali, ki jih srečujemo povsod okoli... Show more
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Updated Apr 10, 2026
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Osnove Vretenčarjev: Ribe, Dvoživke, Plazilci, Ptiči in Sesalci
1 / 5
Uvod v vretenčarje
Vsak dan vidiš neskončno živali - od psa, ki ga sprehajaš, do ribic v akvariju. Vse te živali imajo nekaj skupnega: hrbtenico iz vretenc, ki jim daje oporo in ščiti hrbtni mozeg.
Vretenčarje delimo v pet glavnih skupin: ribe, dvoživke, plazilce, ptiče in sesalce. Vsaka skupina se je prilagodila življenju v svojem okolju na popolnoma drugačen način.
Ena najpomembnejših razlik med njimi je telesna temperatura. Ribe, dvoživke in plazilci imajo spremenljivo temperaturo - pozimi so počasnejši ali celo hibernirajo. Ptiči in sesalci pa ohranjajo stalno temperaturo, zato so aktivni tudi v mrazu, vendar morajo za to pojesti veliko hrane.
💡 Zapomni si: Hrbtenica ni samo "ogrodje" - je zaščita za hrbtni mozeg, brez katerega ne bi mogli živeti!
Ribe in dvoživke
Ribe so mojstri podvodnega življenja. Njihove luske in sluz jim pomagajo gladko plavati, škrge pa jim omogočajo dihanje pod vodo. Samica odloži ikre v vodo, samec pa jih oplodi - to je zunanja oploditev.
Dvoživke so prave pustolovke - del življenja preživijo v vodi, del pa na kopnem. Imajo golo, vlažno kožo, skozi katero lahko celo dihajo! Njihov življenjski ciklus je fascinanten: iz mrest (jajčec) v vodi se razvije paglavec s škrgami, ki se nato preobrazi v odraslo žival s pljuči.
Najbolj znana slovenska dvoživka je človeška ribica - naš edini endemit, ki živi samo v kraških jamah. Posebna je, ker celo življenje ohrani škrge in živi v vodi.
💡 Hitri test: Če žival odloži jajčeca v vodo in ima vlažno kožo, je to dvoživka!
Plazilci in ptiči
Plazilci so se popolnoma osamosvojili od vode. Njihova suha koža z roženimi luskami jih ščiti pred izsušitvijo, zato lahko živijo tudi v puščavi. Jajca z usnjato lupino odlagajo na kopnem - to je bila revolucionarna prilagoditev!
Ptiči so gospodje neba. Perje jim omogoča letenje in ohranja toploto, kljun nadomešča zobe, votle kosti pa zmanjšajo težo. Njihova pljuča so povezana z zračnimi vrečami, kar jih dela izjemno učinkovite pri dihanju.
Ptiči so tudi odlični starši - valjejo jajca in skrbijo za mladiče. Za razliko od plazilcev imajo stalno telesno temperaturo, kar jim omogoča življenje tudi v Antarktiki (pinguini!).
💡 Zanimivost: Ptičje kosti so votle kot slamice - to jih naredi lahke za letenje!
Sesalci in primeri razlikovanja
Sesalci so najrazvitejši vretenčarji. Dlaka jih ogreva, mlečne žleze omogočajo hranjenje mladičev z mlekom, večina pa koti žive mladiče. Živijo povsod - od netopirjev v zraku do kitov v oceanih.
Zakaj kit ni riba? Čeprav živi v vodi, diha s pljuči (mora priti na površje), doji mladiče z mlekom in ima stalno telesno temperaturo. To so značilnosti sesalcev!
Kako razlikuješ žabo od martinčka? Žaba ima golo, vlažno kožo in se razvije iz paglavca (preobrazba). Martinček ima suho kožo z luskami, iz jajca pa se izvali že popolnoma razvit.
💡 Ključna razlika: Dvoživke morajo v vodo za razmnoževanje, plazilci pa ne!
Povzetek za teste
Zapomni si pet skupin vretenčarjev in njihove ključne značilnosti:
- Ribe: škrge, luske, ikre v vodi, spremenljiva temperatura
- Dvoživke: vlažna koža, preobrazba (paglavec), mrest v vodi
- Plazilci: rožene luske, jajca na kopnem, suha koža
- Ptiči: perje, peruti, stalna temperatura, skrb za mladiče
- Sesalci: dlaka, mlečne žleze, živi mladiči, stalna temperatura
Pri testih pazi na temperature telesa: samo ptiči in sesalci imajo stalno. Ne zamešaj iker (ribe) z mrestom (dvoživke). Človeška ribica je naš endemit - živi samo v Sloveniji.
💡 Za test: Naredi si tabelo s primeri za vsako skupino - tako boš hitreje prepoznal, kam sodi vsaka žival!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Biologija
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Osnove Vretenčarjev: Ribe, Dvoživke, Plazilci, Ptiči in Sesalci
Vretenčarji so največja skupina živali, ki jih srečujemo povsod okoli sebe - od rib v morju do ptičev v zraku. Vsi imajo eno stvar skupno: hrbtenico, ki jim daje oporo in ščiti hrbtni mozeg.
Uvod v vretenčarje
Vsak dan vidiš neskončno živali - od psa, ki ga sprehajaš, do ribic v akvariju. Vse te živali imajo nekaj skupnega: hrbtenico iz vretenc, ki jim daje oporo in ščiti hrbtni mozeg.
Vretenčarje delimo v pet glavnih skupin: ribe, dvoživke, plazilce, ptiče in sesalce. Vsaka skupina se je prilagodila življenju v svojem okolju na popolnoma drugačen način.
Ena najpomembnejših razlik med njimi je telesna temperatura. Ribe, dvoživke in plazilci imajo spremenljivo temperaturo - pozimi so počasnejši ali celo hibernirajo. Ptiči in sesalci pa ohranjajo stalno temperaturo, zato so aktivni tudi v mrazu, vendar morajo za to pojesti veliko hrane.
💡 Zapomni si: Hrbtenica ni samo "ogrodje" - je zaščita za hrbtni mozeg, brez katerega ne bi mogli živeti!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Ribe in dvoživke
Ribe so mojstri podvodnega življenja. Njihove luske in sluz jim pomagajo gladko plavati, škrge pa jim omogočajo dihanje pod vodo. Samica odloži ikre v vodo, samec pa jih oplodi - to je zunanja oploditev.
Dvoživke so prave pustolovke - del življenja preživijo v vodi, del pa na kopnem. Imajo golo, vlažno kožo, skozi katero lahko celo dihajo! Njihov življenjski ciklus je fascinanten: iz mrest (jajčec) v vodi se razvije paglavec s škrgami, ki se nato preobrazi v odraslo žival s pljuči.
Najbolj znana slovenska dvoživka je človeška ribica - naš edini endemit, ki živi samo v kraških jamah. Posebna je, ker celo življenje ohrani škrge in živi v vodi.
💡 Hitri test: Če žival odloži jajčeca v vodo in ima vlažno kožo, je to dvoživka!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Plazilci in ptiči
Plazilci so se popolnoma osamosvojili od vode. Njihova suha koža z roženimi luskami jih ščiti pred izsušitvijo, zato lahko živijo tudi v puščavi. Jajca z usnjato lupino odlagajo na kopnem - to je bila revolucionarna prilagoditev!
Ptiči so gospodje neba. Perje jim omogoča letenje in ohranja toploto, kljun nadomešča zobe, votle kosti pa zmanjšajo težo. Njihova pljuča so povezana z zračnimi vrečami, kar jih dela izjemno učinkovite pri dihanju.
Ptiči so tudi odlični starši - valjejo jajca in skrbijo za mladiče. Za razliko od plazilcev imajo stalno telesno temperaturo, kar jim omogoča življenje tudi v Antarktiki (pinguini!).
💡 Zanimivost: Ptičje kosti so votle kot slamice - to jih naredi lahke za letenje!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sesalci in primeri razlikovanja
Sesalci so najrazvitejši vretenčarji. Dlaka jih ogreva, mlečne žleze omogočajo hranjenje mladičev z mlekom, večina pa koti žive mladiče. Živijo povsod - od netopirjev v zraku do kitov v oceanih.
Zakaj kit ni riba? Čeprav živi v vodi, diha s pljuči (mora priti na površje), doji mladiče z mlekom in ima stalno telesno temperaturo. To so značilnosti sesalcev!
Kako razlikuješ žabo od martinčka? Žaba ima golo, vlažno kožo in se razvije iz paglavca (preobrazba). Martinček ima suho kožo z luskami, iz jajca pa se izvali že popolnoma razvit.
💡 Ključna razlika: Dvoživke morajo v vodo za razmnoževanje, plazilci pa ne!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Povzetek za teste
Zapomni si pet skupin vretenčarjev in njihove ključne značilnosti:
- Ribe: škrge, luske, ikre v vodi, spremenljiva temperatura
- Dvoživke: vlažna koža, preobrazba (paglavec), mrest v vodi
- Plazilci: rožene luske, jajca na kopnem, suha koža
- Ptiči: perje, peruti, stalna temperatura, skrb za mladiče
- Sesalci: dlaka, mlečne žleze, živi mladiči, stalna temperatura
Pri testih pazi na temperature telesa: samo ptiči in sesalci imajo stalno. Ne zamešaj iker (ribe) z mrestom (dvoživke). Človeška ribica je naš endemit - živi samo v Sloveniji.
💡 Za test: Naredi si tabelo s primeri za vsako skupino - tako boš hitreje prepoznal, kam sodi vsaka žival!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content in Biologija
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user