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Feb 11, 2026
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Understanding Bacteria: Honors Biology Notes
Maithy Smith
@maithysmith
1 / 3
Understanding Bacteria Basics
Ever wonder who discovered bacteria? Louis Pasteur is considered the father of Microbiology and Bacteriology. He famously proved that microbes caused wine and milk to go sour, changing how we understand these tiny organisms.
Bacteria belong to the domain Prokaryotes—single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Unlike our cells (eukaryotes), bacterial DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm instead of being enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Bacteria like E. coli show this basic structure.
Many bacteria can move around using flagella, responding to different stimuli in their environment. They might move toward food (chemotaxis), light (phototaxis), moisture (hydrotaxis), or oxygen (aerotaxis).
Fun Fact: Scientists recently divided prokaryotes into two separate domains—Bacteria and Archaea—with Eukaryotes (like us) forming the third domain of life. Archaea often live in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes!
Bacteria come wrapped in a protective cell wall made of peptidoglycan that gives them their shape. Some, like E. coli, have an extra outer membrane that makes them tougher to kill.
Bacteria Types and Characteristics
You can spot bacteria by their distinctive shapes. Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli, spherical ones are cocci, and spiral ones are spirilla. Their names get even more specific—"staphylo" means they form clusters, "strepto" means chains, and "diplo" means they're doubled up.
Scientists classify bacteria by their cell walls as Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) or Gram-negative (thin layer with an outer membrane). Gram-negative bacteria are typically harder to kill and more resistant to antibiotics because of their extra protection.
Bacteria also have different relationships with oxygen. Some need it to survive (obligate aerobes), others use it if available but can live without it (facultative anaerobes), and some are actually poisoned by oxygen (obligate anaerobes).
Science Tip: When scientists study bacteria, they grow them in Petri dishes on a gel called agar, which is made from substances found in red algae.
Bacteria reproduce amazingly fast through binary fission—they simply split in half after duplicating their DNA. Under perfect conditions, some bacteria can divide every 20 minutes! When conditions get tough, many form endospores—tough protective shells that let them survive harsh environments for years.
Bacteria in Our World
Bacteria evolve through mutations—mistakes in DNA replication that get passed to daughter cells. They can also exchange genetic material through conjugation, where a bridge forms between cells and DNA (often in plasmids) moves from one to another. This is how bacteria can quickly develop antibiotic resistance!
Bacteria form various relationships with other organisms called symbiosis. Some relationships benefit both parties (mutualism)—like the bacteria in cow stomachs that help digest plants. Others benefit bacteria without affecting the host (commensalism), like many bacteria on your skin. Some harm their hosts (parasitism), like Salmonella causing food poisoning.
Not all bacteria are harmful! Many in your digestive tract are essential for your health. However, pathogenic bacteria cause diseases by releasing toxins. To fight these, we use antibiotics—compounds that kill bacteria without harming humans.
Health Alert: Antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious problem! When we misuse antibiotics, bacteria evolve to resist them. Always take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your doctor—never skip doses or save them for later.
Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, from a fungus. But bacteria are clever—they can pass resistance genes to other bacteria through conjugation and transformation, making some infections harder to treat.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Bacteria: Honors Biology Notes
Maithy Smith
@maithysmith
Bacteria are tiny but mighty microorganisms that live almost everywhere on Earth. These single-celled organisms lack a nucleus and are classified as prokaryotes. Despite their small size, bacteria play crucial roles in our world—some help us digest food while others... Show more
Understanding Bacteria Basics
Ever wonder who discovered bacteria? Louis Pasteur is considered the father of Microbiology and Bacteriology. He famously proved that microbes caused wine and milk to go sour, changing how we understand these tiny organisms.
Bacteria belong to the domain Prokaryotes—single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Unlike our cells (eukaryotes), bacterial DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm instead of being enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Bacteria like E. coli show this basic structure.
Many bacteria can move around using flagella, responding to different stimuli in their environment. They might move toward food (chemotaxis), light (phototaxis), moisture (hydrotaxis), or oxygen (aerotaxis).
Fun Fact: Scientists recently divided prokaryotes into two separate domains—Bacteria and Archaea—with Eukaryotes (like us) forming the third domain of life. Archaea often live in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes!
Bacteria come wrapped in a protective cell wall made of peptidoglycan that gives them their shape. Some, like E. coli, have an extra outer membrane that makes them tougher to kill.
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Bacteria Types and Characteristics
You can spot bacteria by their distinctive shapes. Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli, spherical ones are cocci, and spiral ones are spirilla. Their names get even more specific—"staphylo" means they form clusters, "strepto" means chains, and "diplo" means they're doubled up.
Scientists classify bacteria by their cell walls as Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) or Gram-negative (thin layer with an outer membrane). Gram-negative bacteria are typically harder to kill and more resistant to antibiotics because of their extra protection.
Bacteria also have different relationships with oxygen. Some need it to survive (obligate aerobes), others use it if available but can live without it (facultative anaerobes), and some are actually poisoned by oxygen (obligate anaerobes).
Science Tip: When scientists study bacteria, they grow them in Petri dishes on a gel called agar, which is made from substances found in red algae.
Bacteria reproduce amazingly fast through binary fission—they simply split in half after duplicating their DNA. Under perfect conditions, some bacteria can divide every 20 minutes! When conditions get tough, many form endospores—tough protective shells that let them survive harsh environments for years.
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Bacteria in Our World
Bacteria evolve through mutations—mistakes in DNA replication that get passed to daughter cells. They can also exchange genetic material through conjugation, where a bridge forms between cells and DNA (often in plasmids) moves from one to another. This is how bacteria can quickly develop antibiotic resistance!
Bacteria form various relationships with other organisms called symbiosis. Some relationships benefit both parties (mutualism)—like the bacteria in cow stomachs that help digest plants. Others benefit bacteria without affecting the host (commensalism), like many bacteria on your skin. Some harm their hosts (parasitism), like Salmonella causing food poisoning.
Not all bacteria are harmful! Many in your digestive tract are essential for your health. However, pathogenic bacteria cause diseases by releasing toxins. To fight these, we use antibiotics—compounds that kill bacteria without harming humans.
Health Alert: Antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious problem! When we misuse antibiotics, bacteria evolve to resist them. Always take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your doctor—never skip doses or save them for later.
Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, from a fungus. But bacteria are clever—they can pass resistance genes to other bacteria through conjugation and transformation, making some infections harder to treat.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user