Cell Specialization
Cell differentiation is the amazing process where cells develop specific structures to perform specialized functions. While stem cells remain unspecialized, most cells in plants and animals transform to serve particular purposes.
Animal cells show incredible specialization. Sperm cells feature a streamlined head with digestive enzymes, a long flagellum for swimming, and lots of mitochondria for energy. Muscle cells contain special proteins (myosin and actin) that slide over each other to create contractions, with abundant mitochondria to power movement. Nerve cells have long axons to carry electrical signals across distances and multiple dendrites to connect with other neurons.
Plant cells are equally specialized for their functions. Xylem cells develop hollow tubes reinforced with lignin to transport water upward, while phloem cells form sieve plates between cells to carry food throughout the plant with the help of companion cells. Root hair cells extend outward to increase surface area for water absorption and contain numerous mitochondria to power active transport.
Fun Fact: Your body contains over 200 different types of specialized cells, all originally coming from the same starter cells during development!