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Biology

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

950

•

May 29, 2023

•

4 pages

Photosynthesis Fun: ATP, NADPH, and the Magic of Photosystems!

user profile picture

Isabela

@isabela_

Hey kids! Dive into the world of photosynthesis! Learn about ATP and NADPH, the awesome Photosystem 1 and 2, and the cool steps in the light-dependent reactions in chloroplast thylakoids. Discover what happens in the dark reactions and how the Calvin Cycle turns sunlight into food! Check out the photosynthesis equation and explore how carbon fixation works in plants. Ready to become a photosynthesis wizard?

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

The Calvin Cycle: Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent or dark reactions, is the second phase of photosynthesis. It takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the products of the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

Key points:

  • Occurs in the chloroplast stroma
  • Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions
  • Fixes CO2 into organic molecules carbonfixationcarbon fixation
  • Produces glucose as the end product

Vocabulary: Stroma - the fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs

Definition: Carbon fixation - the process of converting inorganic CO2 into organic molecules like glucose

Highlight: The Calvin cycle is the primary carbon fixation process in nature

Example: The simplified equation for the Calvin cycle is: CO2 + ATP + NADPH → Glucose + ADP + NADP+

Understanding the Calvin cycle steps and functions is essential for comprehending how plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce their own food. This process is the foundation of most ecosystems on Earth.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert energy from biological macromolecules into ATP. It can be aerobic requiringoxygenrequiring oxygen or anaerobic withoutoxygenwithout oxygen.

Key points:

  • Net equation: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
  • Main stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP
  • Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria

Vocabulary: Catabolic process - metabolic pathways that break down molecules to release energy

Definition: ATP AdenosineTriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate - the primary energy currency of cells

Highlight: Aerobic respiration produces 32-36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Example: The electron transport chain uses electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 to generate most of the ATP in cellular respiration

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is unavailable. It allows cells to continue producing ATP through glycolysis by regenerating NAD+ from NADH.

Understanding cellular respiration and fermentation is crucial for comprehending how organisms obtain energy from food molecules. These processes are fundamental to all living systems and complement the energy production of photosynthesis in the global ecosystem.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

The light-dependent reactions are the first phase of photosynthesis, taking place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. These reactions harness light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, which fuel the Calvin cycle.

Key points:

  • Occurs in thylakoid membranes containing photosynthetic pigments
  • Light energizes electrons in pigment molecules
  • Electrons flow through an electron transport chain, producing ATP and NADPH
  • Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct

Vocabulary: Thylakoids - flattened sacs in chloroplasts where light reactions occur

Definition: Photosynthetic pigments - molecules that absorb light energy, including chlorophyll, xanthophylls, and carotenoids

Highlight: The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

Example: The equation for light reactions can be summarized as: Light energy + H2O → ATP + NADPH + O2

This process involves multiple coupled reactions, with products of one reaction becoming reactants for the next. Understanding these light-dependent reactions is crucial for grasping the full photosynthesis process.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms


Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Biology

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

 

Biology

•

950

•

May 29, 2023

•

4 pages

Photosynthesis Fun: ATP, NADPH, and the Magic of Photosystems!

user profile picture

Isabela

@isabela_

Hey kids! Dive into the world of photosynthesis! Learn about ATP and NADPH, the awesome Photosystem 1 and 2, and the cool steps in the light-dependent reactions in chloroplast thylakoids. Discover what happens in the dark reactions and how the Calvin Cycle turns sunlight into food! Check out the photosynthesis equation and explore how carbon fixation works in plants. Ready to become a photosynthesis wizard?

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Calvin Cycle: Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent or dark reactions, is the second phase of photosynthesis. It takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the products of the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

Key points:

  • Occurs in the chloroplast stroma
  • Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions
  • Fixes CO2 into organic molecules carbonfixationcarbon fixation
  • Produces glucose as the end product

Vocabulary: Stroma - the fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs

Definition: Carbon fixation - the process of converting inorganic CO2 into organic molecules like glucose

Highlight: The Calvin cycle is the primary carbon fixation process in nature

Example: The simplified equation for the Calvin cycle is: CO2 + ATP + NADPH → Glucose + ADP + NADP+

Understanding the Calvin cycle steps and functions is essential for comprehending how plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce their own food. This process is the foundation of most ecosystems on Earth.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert energy from biological macromolecules into ATP. It can be aerobic requiringoxygenrequiring oxygen or anaerobic withoutoxygenwithout oxygen.

Key points:

  • Net equation: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
  • Main stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP
  • Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria

Vocabulary: Catabolic process - metabolic pathways that break down molecules to release energy

Definition: ATP AdenosineTriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate - the primary energy currency of cells

Highlight: Aerobic respiration produces 32-36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Example: The electron transport chain uses electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 to generate most of the ATP in cellular respiration

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is unavailable. It allows cells to continue producing ATP through glycolysis by regenerating NAD+ from NADH.

Understanding cellular respiration and fermentation is crucial for comprehending how organisms obtain energy from food molecules. These processes are fundamental to all living systems and complement the energy production of photosynthesis in the global ecosystem.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

The light-dependent reactions are the first phase of photosynthesis, taking place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. These reactions harness light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, which fuel the Calvin cycle.

Key points:

  • Occurs in thylakoid membranes containing photosynthetic pigments
  • Light energizes electrons in pigment molecules
  • Electrons flow through an electron transport chain, producing ATP and NADPH
  • Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct

Vocabulary: Thylakoids - flattened sacs in chloroplasts where light reactions occur

Definition: Photosynthetic pigments - molecules that absorb light energy, including chlorophyll, xanthophylls, and carotenoids

Highlight: The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

Example: The equation for light reactions can be summarized as: Light energy + H2O → ATP + NADPH + O2

This process involves multiple coupled reactions, with products of one reaction becoming reactants for the next. Understanding these light-dependent reactions is crucial for grasping the full photosynthesis process.

ATP- adenosine NADPH- reduced nicotinamide inucleotide phosphate Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis The cellular process by which organisms

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user