Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Biology
Dec 11, 2025
163
2 pages
Rain @yra.ne
Cellular respiration is the process that unlocks energy from food, converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water,... Show more
Ever wonder how your body turns that sandwich into energy? That's cellular respiration! This metabolic process breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. The basic equation looks like this C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Cellular respiration has three main stages glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis happens first in the cytoplasm of your cells. It splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, gaining 2 ATP in the process. Interestingly, about 90% of glucose's energy remains locked in the pyruvic acid at this point!
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) occurs in the mitochondria. Here, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down further to produce carbon dioxide, some ATP, and important electron carrier molecules. These electron carriers are crucial for the next stage.
Energy Fact Think of glycolysis as just the appetizer - it only captures about 10% of glucose's potential energy. The main course comes later!
The electron transport chain is where most ATP is produced. Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes (like us), this process uses high-energy electrons from carrier molecules. As hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase, it rotates like a tiny molecular waterwheel, generating ATP with each turn!
What happens when oxygen isn't available? Your cells switch to fermentation! This process produces a modest 2 ATP per glucose molecule by using glycolysis alone. While not as efficient as aerobic respiration (which produces about 36 ATP), it's a critical backup system.
There are two main types of fermentation alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation occurs when microorganisms like yeast convert pyruvic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is the process behind bread rising and the production of beer and wine!
Lactic acid fermentation happens in certain bacteria and in your muscle cells during intense exercise. It converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid without producing carbon dioxide. This process is responsible for the sour taste in yogurt, cheese, and sour cream - all products of bacterial fermentation.
Real-Life Connection Ever felt that burning sensation in your muscles during an intense workout? That's lactic acid building up when your muscles can't get enough oxygen and switch to fermentation!
When you exercise intensely, your muscle cells may not receive enough oxygen to maintain aerobic respiration. They switch to lactic acid fermentation to keep producing ATP, but lactic acid accumulates, causing that familiar burning sensation and fatigue. This is your body's way of maintaining energy production when oxygen is limited.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
functions of the digestive system
BiologyDifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including structure, division of labor, and examples of each type. Also discusses viewing cells with compound light microscopes.
BiologyUnderstanding the composition and function of macromolecules in living organisms, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
AP BiologyExplore the effectiveness of housing management strategies in Glasgow, focusing on the Gorbals Crown Street Regeneration and Dalmarnock Clyde Gateway Project. This summary covers urban change, renewal, planning, and the socio-economic impacts of these developments, highlighting improvements in community well-being, transport access, and environmental quality.
BiologyExplore the four key processes of coastal erosion: attrition, abrasion, solution (corrosion), and hydraulic action. This summary provides a clear understanding of how these mechanisms shape coastlines, including their effects on coastal landscapes and systems. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the key processes of erosion and weathering in this comprehensive overview. Understand the mechanisms of corrosion, biological, chemical, and mechanical weathering, as well as mass movement types like slumping and rock falls. This summary is essential for Year 9 Geography students studying coastal and river processes.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Rain
@yra.ne
Cellular respiration is the process that unlocks energy from food, converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). It works opposite to photosynthesis, with both processes creating a crucial cycle that sustains life on Earth.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wonder how your body turns that sandwich into energy? That's cellular respiration! This metabolic process breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. The basic equation looks like this: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis happens first in the cytoplasm of your cells. It splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, gaining 2 ATP in the process. Interestingly, about 90% of glucose's energy remains locked in the pyruvic acid at this point!
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) occurs in the mitochondria. Here, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down further to produce carbon dioxide, some ATP, and important electron carrier molecules. These electron carriers are crucial for the next stage.
Energy Fact: Think of glycolysis as just the appetizer - it only captures about 10% of glucose's potential energy. The main course comes later!
The electron transport chain is where most ATP is produced. Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes (like us), this process uses high-energy electrons from carrier molecules. As hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase, it rotates like a tiny molecular waterwheel, generating ATP with each turn!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
What happens when oxygen isn't available? Your cells switch to fermentation! This process produces a modest 2 ATP per glucose molecule by using glycolysis alone. While not as efficient as aerobic respiration (which produces about 36 ATP), it's a critical backup system.
There are two main types of fermentation: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation occurs when microorganisms like yeast convert pyruvic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is the process behind bread rising and the production of beer and wine!
Lactic acid fermentation happens in certain bacteria and in your muscle cells during intense exercise. It converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid without producing carbon dioxide. This process is responsible for the sour taste in yogurt, cheese, and sour cream - all products of bacterial fermentation.
Real-Life Connection: Ever felt that burning sensation in your muscles during an intense workout? That's lactic acid building up when your muscles can't get enough oxygen and switch to fermentation!
When you exercise intensely, your muscle cells may not receive enough oxygen to maintain aerobic respiration. They switch to lactic acid fermentation to keep producing ATP, but lactic acid accumulates, causing that familiar burning sensation and fatigue. This is your body's way of maintaining energy production when oxygen is limited.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
6
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
functions of the digestive system
BiologyDifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including structure, division of labor, and examples of each type. Also discusses viewing cells with compound light microscopes.
BiologyUnderstanding the composition and function of macromolecules in living organisms, including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
AP BiologyExplore the effectiveness of housing management strategies in Glasgow, focusing on the Gorbals Crown Street Regeneration and Dalmarnock Clyde Gateway Project. This summary covers urban change, renewal, planning, and the socio-economic impacts of these developments, highlighting improvements in community well-being, transport access, and environmental quality.
BiologyExplore the four key processes of coastal erosion: attrition, abrasion, solution (corrosion), and hydraulic action. This summary provides a clear understanding of how these mechanisms shape coastlines, including their effects on coastal landscapes and systems. Ideal for higher geography students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the key processes of erosion and weathering in this comprehensive overview. Understand the mechanisms of corrosion, biological, chemical, and mechanical weathering, as well as mass movement types like slumping and rock falls. This summary is essential for Year 9 Geography students studying coastal and river processes.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Health
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige