Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
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AP English Literature
Biology
Dec 13, 2025
24
5 pages
Stephanie๐ @stephanie_071607
Meiosis is the special cell division process that creates sex cells (eggs and sperm) with half the normal... Show more
Ever wonder why you don't look exactly like your siblings? The answer lies in meiosis! Before meiosis begins, cells go through interphase where they grow, perform normal functions, and replicate their DNA. This prepares the cell for the division ahead.
During interphase, the starting cell contains 46 chromosomes (in humans). These chromosomes duplicate, creating copies that will be sorted and divided during the actual meiosis process. Think of it like making copies of important documents before distributing them.
Unlike mitosis (which makes identical cells), meiosis involves two rounds of division called Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2. These are often remembered as PMAT stages (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) that happen twice in sequence.
Fun Fact Without meiosis, sexual reproduction wouldn't be possible, and every living thing would have to reproduce by cloning itself!
Meiosis 1 begins with Prophase 1, which is super important for genetic diversity. During this stage, chromosomes condense (get thicker and shorter) and line up with their homologous pairs. These are matching chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits but might have different versions.
The most exciting part of Prophase 1 is crossing over, where chromosomes in each pair swap genetic material! This creates recombinant chromosomes with new gene combinations. This is why you and your sibling have unique appearances despite sharing the same parents.
In Metaphase 1, chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell. This differs from mitosis where individual chromosomes line up. Then during Anaphase 1, spindle fibers pull these paired chromosomes away from each other toward opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase 1 wraps up the first division as two new nuclei form. The cell will then undergo cytokinesis, splitting the cytoplasm to create two separate cells. Each of these cells has half the number of chromosome pairs as the original cell.
After Meiosis 1 creates two cells, each cell goes through Meiosis 2 to create a total of four cells. Prophase 2 is much simpler than Prophase 1 - there's no crossing over this time! The chromosomes become visible again and spindle fibers begin to form.
Think of Meiosis 2 as similar to mitosis - it's all about separating those duplicated chromosomes that are still attached. Each chromosome consists of two identical parts called sister chromatids that need to be separated.
Metaphase 2 arranges individual chromosomes (not pairs) at the middle of the cell. This prepares them for the final separation that will happen next.
Remember This Meiosis 1 separates homologous chromosome pairs, while Meiosis 2 separates sister chromatids. This is how we go from one cell with 46 chromosomes to four cells with 23 chromosomes each!
During Anaphase 2, the sister chromatids of each chromosome get pulled apart by spindle fibers. These chromatids are now considered individual chromosomes as they move to opposite sides of the cell.
In Telophase 2, nuclei begin to reform around these separated chromosomes. The two cells from Meiosis 1 are now becoming four separate cells. Cytokinesis follows to complete the division of the cytoplasm.
By the end of Meiosis 2, you have four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In humans, that means each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes instead of the original 46.
These four cells are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell. This genetic diversity is crucial for evolution and adaptation of species over time.
In males, meiosis produces four sperm cells, while in females, it produces one egg cell (the other potential eggs degenerate). Each of these sex cells contains exactly half the chromosomes (23 in humans) needed to create a new individual.
The genetic variety created through crossing over is super important! Without it, children from the same parents would be much more similar. Next time you notice differences between you and your siblings, thank meiosis for making you unique!
Sometimes mistakes happen during meiosis. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes don't separate properly, which can lead to genetic disorders. For example, Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Try This Look at family photos and identify traits you share with different relatives. Some might come from your mom's side, others from your dad's side - all thanks to the genetic mixing that happens during meiosis!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Notes detailing the basics of chromosomes in genetics and biology.
BiologyThese notes review the process of Mitosis and what the result is
BiologyBiology - learn about, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, meiosis I and II, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, zygote, cytokinesis, genetic variation, adaptation, mitosis vs meiosis, haploid, diploid.
BiologyDNA Notes that is about Deoxyribonucleic Acid
BiologyBio notes
BiologyFour stages of the cell cycle, cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the topics discussed here.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Stephanie๐
@stephanie_071607
Meiosis is the special cell division process that creates sex cells (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. This process ensures genetic diversity among offspring and is why you look different from your siblings even though you... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wonder why you don't look exactly like your siblings? The answer lies in meiosis! Before meiosis begins, cells go through interphase where they grow, perform normal functions, and replicate their DNA. This prepares the cell for the division ahead.
During interphase, the starting cell contains 46 chromosomes (in humans). These chromosomes duplicate, creating copies that will be sorted and divided during the actual meiosis process. Think of it like making copies of important documents before distributing them.
Unlike mitosis (which makes identical cells), meiosis involves two rounds of division called Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2. These are often remembered as PMAT stages (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) that happen twice in sequence.
Fun Fact: Without meiosis, sexual reproduction wouldn't be possible, and every living thing would have to reproduce by cloning itself!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Meiosis 1 begins with Prophase 1, which is super important for genetic diversity. During this stage, chromosomes condense (get thicker and shorter) and line up with their homologous pairs. These are matching chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits but might have different versions.
The most exciting part of Prophase 1 is crossing over, where chromosomes in each pair swap genetic material! This creates recombinant chromosomes with new gene combinations. This is why you and your sibling have unique appearances despite sharing the same parents.
In Metaphase 1, chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell. This differs from mitosis where individual chromosomes line up. Then during Anaphase 1, spindle fibers pull these paired chromosomes away from each other toward opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase 1 wraps up the first division as two new nuclei form. The cell will then undergo cytokinesis, splitting the cytoplasm to create two separate cells. Each of these cells has half the number of chromosome pairs as the original cell.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
After Meiosis 1 creates two cells, each cell goes through Meiosis 2 to create a total of four cells. Prophase 2 is much simpler than Prophase 1 - there's no crossing over this time! The chromosomes become visible again and spindle fibers begin to form.
Think of Meiosis 2 as similar to mitosis - it's all about separating those duplicated chromosomes that are still attached. Each chromosome consists of two identical parts called sister chromatids that need to be separated.
Metaphase 2 arranges individual chromosomes (not pairs) at the middle of the cell. This prepares them for the final separation that will happen next.
Remember This: Meiosis 1 separates homologous chromosome pairs, while Meiosis 2 separates sister chromatids. This is how we go from one cell with 46 chromosomes to four cells with 23 chromosomes each!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
During Anaphase 2, the sister chromatids of each chromosome get pulled apart by spindle fibers. These chromatids are now considered individual chromosomes as they move to opposite sides of the cell.
In Telophase 2, nuclei begin to reform around these separated chromosomes. The two cells from Meiosis 1 are now becoming four separate cells. Cytokinesis follows to complete the division of the cytoplasm.
By the end of Meiosis 2, you have four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In humans, that means each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes instead of the original 46.
These four cells are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell. This genetic diversity is crucial for evolution and adaptation of species over time.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
In males, meiosis produces four sperm cells, while in females, it produces one egg cell (the other potential eggs degenerate). Each of these sex cells contains exactly half the chromosomes (23 in humans) needed to create a new individual.
The genetic variety created through crossing over is super important! Without it, children from the same parents would be much more similar. Next time you notice differences between you and your siblings, thank meiosis for making you unique!
Sometimes mistakes happen during meiosis. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes don't separate properly, which can lead to genetic disorders. For example, Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Try This: Look at family photos and identify traits you share with different relatives. Some might come from your mom's side, others from your dad's side - all thanks to the genetic mixing that happens during meiosis!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Notes detailing the basics of chromosomes in genetics and biology.
BiologyThese notes review the process of Mitosis and what the result is
BiologyBiology - learn about, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, meiosis I and II, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, zygote, cytokinesis, genetic variation, adaptation, mitosis vs meiosis, haploid, diploid.
BiologyDNA Notes that is about Deoxyribonucleic Acid
BiologyBio notes
BiologyFour stages of the cell cycle, cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the topics discussed here.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
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