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Unit 1: Cell Biology
19
•
Jul 10, 2025
•
Unit 1: Cell Biology - Differences and Similarities Between Plant, Animal, Fungal, and Bacterial Cells
N
Nini Ju
@jiangyueju_wdwe
Bacterial and Fungal Cell Structures
This page delves deeper into the structures of bacterial and fungal cells, providing detailed diagrams and explanations of their unique features.
Bacterial cells are described as having a circular chromosome, plasmids, and a cell wall with a different chemical structure compared to plant and fungal cells. The absence of a nucleus and mitochondria in bacterial cells is noted as a key difference from other cell types.
Highlight: Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus and instead have a circular chromosome and plasmids containing their genetic material.
Fungal cells are shown to have similarities to both plant and animal cells, possessing a cell wall like plant cells but also containing mitochondria like animal cells. The irregular shape of fungal cells is highlighted as a distinguishing feature.
Example: Fungal cells have a cell wall like plant cells, but they also contain mitochondria similar to animal cells, making them unique among eukaryotic cells.
The page emphasizes that all cell types contain ribosomes, cell membranes, and cytoplasm, reinforcing the fundamental similarities across different cell types despite their structural differences.
Transport Across Cell Membranes
This page focuses on the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, explaining key concepts such as diffusion, active transport, and osmosis.
Diffusion is described as the passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration, requiring no energy. Active transport, in contrast, is explained as the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy and involving proteins in the cell membrane.
Definition: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
The page details the molecules that can enter and exit cells through the membrane, such as oxygen and glucose entering, and carbon dioxide and urea exiting. It also explains that larger molecules like starch and proteins are too big to pass through membrane pores.
Example: Oxygen and glucose can enter cells through the membrane, while carbon dioxide and urea can exit. However, larger molecules like starch and proteins cannot pass through due to their size.
The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells are described, introducing the concepts of turgid and plasmolysed cells. The page explains how plant cells can withstand water gain due to their cell walls, while animal cells may burst when they gain too much water.
Vocabulary: Turgid refers to a plant cell that has gained water and is swollen, while plasmolysed describes a plant cell that has lost water and has a shrunken cytoplasm.
Cell Membrane and Organelle Functions
This page provides an overview of the cell membrane structure and the functions of key cell organelles.
The cell membrane is described as being composed of phospholipids and proteins. Its role in controlling the diffusion of molecules in and out of the cell is emphasized, along with its selective permeability.
Highlight: The cell membrane is selectively permeable, controlling which molecules can enter or exit the cell.
The page introduces the functions of important cell organelles:
- Mitochondria are described as the main site of energy production in the cell.
- Ribosomes are explained to be responsible for protein synthesis.
- Plasmids are defined as small circular pieces of DNA, particularly relevant in bacterial cells.
Definition: Mitochondria are organelles that serve as the main site of energy production through aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells.
Vocabulary: Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, present in all cell types.
This information provides a concise summary of the key functions of these essential cellular components, tying together the concepts of cell structure and function discussed throughout the document.
Cell Structure Comparison
This page provides a comprehensive comparison of plant, animal, fungal and bacterial cell structures. It highlights the key differences and similarities between these cell types.
Plant cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts, which are absent in animal cells. The page includes detailed diagrams of plant and animal cells, labeling important organelles and structures.
Highlight: Plant cells have unique features like a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells.
Vocabulary: Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
The page also introduces bacterial and fungal cell structures, noting their unique features such as plasmids in bacterial cells and the different chemical composition of cell walls in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells.
Definition: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can replicate independently of the main chromosome.
Common structures found in all cell types, including ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm, are also highlighted, emphasizing the fundamental similarities across different cell types.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Unit 1: Cell Biology - Differences and Similarities Between Plant, Animal, Fungal, and Bacterial Cells
N
Nini Ju
@jiangyueju_wdwe
The document provides an in-depth overview of cell biology, focusing on the differences between plant, animal, fungal and bacterial cells, cell membrane transport, and organelle functions. It covers key concepts in cell structure, membrane composition, and cellular processes essential... Show more
Bacterial and Fungal Cell Structures
This page delves deeper into the structures of bacterial and fungal cells, providing detailed diagrams and explanations of their unique features.
Bacterial cells are described as having a circular chromosome, plasmids, and a cell wall with a different chemical structure compared to plant and fungal cells. The absence of a nucleus and mitochondria in bacterial cells is noted as a key difference from other cell types.
Highlight: Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus and instead have a circular chromosome and plasmids containing their genetic material.
Fungal cells are shown to have similarities to both plant and animal cells, possessing a cell wall like plant cells but also containing mitochondria like animal cells. The irregular shape of fungal cells is highlighted as a distinguishing feature.
Example: Fungal cells have a cell wall like plant cells, but they also contain mitochondria similar to animal cells, making them unique among eukaryotic cells.
The page emphasizes that all cell types contain ribosomes, cell membranes, and cytoplasm, reinforcing the fundamental similarities across different cell types despite their structural differences.
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Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Transport Across Cell Membranes
This page focuses on the mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, explaining key concepts such as diffusion, active transport, and osmosis.
Diffusion is described as the passive movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration, requiring no energy. Active transport, in contrast, is explained as the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy and involving proteins in the cell membrane.
Definition: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
The page details the molecules that can enter and exit cells through the membrane, such as oxygen and glucose entering, and carbon dioxide and urea exiting. It also explains that larger molecules like starch and proteins are too big to pass through membrane pores.
Example: Oxygen and glucose can enter cells through the membrane, while carbon dioxide and urea can exit. However, larger molecules like starch and proteins cannot pass through due to their size.
The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells are described, introducing the concepts of turgid and plasmolysed cells. The page explains how plant cells can withstand water gain due to their cell walls, while animal cells may burst when they gain too much water.
Vocabulary: Turgid refers to a plant cell that has gained water and is swollen, while plasmolysed describes a plant cell that has lost water and has a shrunken cytoplasm.
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Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cell Membrane and Organelle Functions
This page provides an overview of the cell membrane structure and the functions of key cell organelles.
The cell membrane is described as being composed of phospholipids and proteins. Its role in controlling the diffusion of molecules in and out of the cell is emphasized, along with its selective permeability.
Highlight: The cell membrane is selectively permeable, controlling which molecules can enter or exit the cell.
The page introduces the functions of important cell organelles:
- Mitochondria are described as the main site of energy production in the cell.
- Ribosomes are explained to be responsible for protein synthesis.
- Plasmids are defined as small circular pieces of DNA, particularly relevant in bacterial cells.
Definition: Mitochondria are organelles that serve as the main site of energy production through aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells.
Vocabulary: Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, present in all cell types.
This information provides a concise summary of the key functions of these essential cellular components, tying together the concepts of cell structure and function discussed throughout the document.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cell Structure Comparison
This page provides a comprehensive comparison of plant, animal, fungal and bacterial cell structures. It highlights the key differences and similarities between these cell types.
Plant cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts, which are absent in animal cells. The page includes detailed diagrams of plant and animal cells, labeling important organelles and structures.
Highlight: Plant cells have unique features like a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells.
Vocabulary: Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis.
The page also introduces bacterial and fungal cell structures, noting their unique features such as plasmids in bacterial cells and the different chemical composition of cell walls in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells.
Definition: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can replicate independently of the main chromosome.
Common structures found in all cell types, including ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm, are also highlighted, emphasizing the fundamental similarities across different cell types.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user