Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Biology
Nov 28, 2025
98
4 pages
Chandrakshi @ch_10s
Let's explore the fascinating world of animals by learning about vertebrates and invertebrates! These are the two main... Show more
Vertebrates are all animals that have a backbone or spinal column. This special structure helps support their bodies and allows for different movements. For example, your backbone is what lets you stand up straight!
Scientists group vertebrates into five main types. Amphibians like frogs and salamanders live in water when young (breathing through gills) and develop lungs as adults. They can actually breathe through their skin too! Reptiles like snakes and lizards are born with lungs and are cold-blooded, meaning their body temperature changes with their surroundings.
Mammals (like you, dogs, and bears) use lungs to breathe and produce milk for their babies. Most mammals give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. These animals have adapted to live in many different environments all over the world.
Fun Fact Scientists study embryos (developing babies) of different vertebrates to understand how they're related. All vertebrates follow the same 23 developmental stages, called Carnegie stages, though at different speeds!
Fish spend their entire lives in water and breathe using gills. Most fish are cold-blooded and many have scales covering their bodies. But not all water animals are fish! Whales and dolphins are actually mammals - they have blowholes and must come to the surface to breathe air.
Birds are warm-blooded vertebrates that can control their body temperature. They have wings for flying and feathers - a feature unique to birds. Birds hatch from eggs and share an evolutionary relationship with reptiles.
Scientists believe all vertebrates might share a common ancestor because they follow similar development patterns. For example, a chicken embryo reaches the final Carnegie stage in just 10 days, while a human embryo needs about 60 days! These shared patterns suggest vertebrates inherited similar genetic instructions from a common ancestor long ago.
Think About It Even though a fish looks nothing like you, your early development followed the same basic pattern. The heart forms first, then the brain develops - in both humans and fish!
While vertebrates might seem more familiar to us, most animals on Earth are actually invertebrates - creatures without a backbone or spinal column. These amazing animals have evolved many different ways to survive without the support of a backbone.
Insects make up the largest group of invertebrates. They have six jointed legs, a pair of antennae, and bodies divided into three parts head, thorax, and abdomen. Ants and bees are common examples. Arachnids like spiders and scorpions have eight legs, no antennae, and only two body segments.
Echinoderms like sea stars have radial symmetry - their body parts branch out from a center point like spokes on a wheel. They have a unique water-based vascular system instead of blood! Mollusks have soft, unsegmented bodies often protected by hard shells, like snails and clams.
Amazing Adaptation Echinoderms don't have blood like we do! Instead, they use a water vascular system to move and function - it's like having water pipes instead of blood vessels!
Crustaceans like crabs and lobsters have jointed legs similar to insects but are protected by hard exoskeletons. Many crustaceans have powerful claws that help them catch food and defend themselves.
Annelids are invertebrates with segmented bodies - their bodies look like they're divided into rings. Many annelids, like earthworms, have tiny hairs called setae on each segment that help them move around. Worms and leeches belong to this interesting group.
Invertebrates might seem simple compared to vertebrates, but they have amazing adaptations that have helped them survive for millions of years. These creatures can be found in almost every habitat on Earth - from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains!
Did You Know? There are over a million known species of invertebrates, making up about 97% of all animal species on Earth! Vertebrates like us are actually quite rare in the animal kingdom.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Anatomy Skeletal System
Biologyskeletal system notes
BiologyPLTW Principles of Biomedical Science notes and answers to activity 1.1.1
HealthNotes on the skeletal system
BiologyDescribing of Morphology and Hydromineral Balance.
Biologyinvertebrates
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Chandrakshi
@ch_10s
Let's explore the fascinating world of animals by learning about vertebrates and invertebrates! These are the two main groups scientists use to classify animals - those with backbones and those without. You'll discover their unique features and the amazing variety... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Vertebrates are all animals that have a backbone or spinal column. This special structure helps support their bodies and allows for different movements. For example, your backbone is what lets you stand up straight!
Scientists group vertebrates into five main types. Amphibians like frogs and salamanders live in water when young (breathing through gills) and develop lungs as adults. They can actually breathe through their skin too! Reptiles like snakes and lizards are born with lungs and are cold-blooded, meaning their body temperature changes with their surroundings.
Mammals (like you, dogs, and bears) use lungs to breathe and produce milk for their babies. Most mammals give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. These animals have adapted to live in many different environments all over the world.
Fun Fact: Scientists study embryos (developing babies) of different vertebrates to understand how they're related. All vertebrates follow the same 23 developmental stages, called Carnegie stages, though at different speeds!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Fish spend their entire lives in water and breathe using gills. Most fish are cold-blooded and many have scales covering their bodies. But not all water animals are fish! Whales and dolphins are actually mammals - they have blowholes and must come to the surface to breathe air.
Birds are warm-blooded vertebrates that can control their body temperature. They have wings for flying and feathers - a feature unique to birds. Birds hatch from eggs and share an evolutionary relationship with reptiles.
Scientists believe all vertebrates might share a common ancestor because they follow similar development patterns. For example, a chicken embryo reaches the final Carnegie stage in just 10 days, while a human embryo needs about 60 days! These shared patterns suggest vertebrates inherited similar genetic instructions from a common ancestor long ago.
Think About It: Even though a fish looks nothing like you, your early development followed the same basic pattern. The heart forms first, then the brain develops - in both humans and fish!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
While vertebrates might seem more familiar to us, most animals on Earth are actually invertebrates - creatures without a backbone or spinal column. These amazing animals have evolved many different ways to survive without the support of a backbone.
Insects make up the largest group of invertebrates. They have six jointed legs, a pair of antennae, and bodies divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Ants and bees are common examples. Arachnids like spiders and scorpions have eight legs, no antennae, and only two body segments.
Echinoderms like sea stars have radial symmetry - their body parts branch out from a center point like spokes on a wheel. They have a unique water-based vascular system instead of blood! Mollusks have soft, unsegmented bodies often protected by hard shells, like snails and clams.
Amazing Adaptation: Echinoderms don't have blood like we do! Instead, they use a water vascular system to move and function - it's like having water pipes instead of blood vessels!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Crustaceans like crabs and lobsters have jointed legs similar to insects but are protected by hard exoskeletons. Many crustaceans have powerful claws that help them catch food and defend themselves.
Annelids are invertebrates with segmented bodies - their bodies look like they're divided into rings. Many annelids, like earthworms, have tiny hairs called setae on each segment that help them move around. Worms and leeches belong to this interesting group.
Invertebrates might seem simple compared to vertebrates, but they have amazing adaptations that have helped them survive for millions of years. These creatures can be found in almost every habitat on Earth - from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains!
Did You Know? There are over a million known species of invertebrates, making up about 97% of all animal species on Earth! Vertebrates like us are actually quite rare in the animal kingdom.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Anatomy Skeletal System
Biologyskeletal system notes
BiologyPLTW Principles of Biomedical Science notes and answers to activity 1.1.1
HealthNotes on the skeletal system
BiologyDescribing of Morphology and Hydromineral Balance.
Biologyinvertebrates
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
