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16
0
2nd Semester HNRS CHEM
95
•
Sep 11, 2023
•
Fun with Honors Chem: Sig Figs & Awesome Periodic Table Trends
vik
@votzl
Periodic Trends and Atomic Properties
This section explores fundamental periodic trends and atomic properties, essential for understanding chemical behavior.
Definition: Atomic radius trend shows how the size of atoms changes across the periodic table.
Highlight: Electronegativity trend increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.
Example: Carbon has 6 electrons arranged in 1s² 2s² 2p².
Vocabulary: Effective Nuclear Charge refers to the net positive charge experienced by an electron from the nucleus.
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
This section covers how to determine chemical formulas from experimental data.
Definition: An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Example: For a compound with 32.37% Na, 22.57% S, and 45.06% O, the process involves converting percentages to moles.
Highlight: The molecular formula can be determined by comparing the empirical formula mass to the actual molar mass.
Page 3: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Detailed explanation of empirical and molecular formula calculations, including hydrate determinations.
Definition: An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Example: For a compound with Na , S , and O , calculate moles of each element to determine the empirical formula.
Highlight: Molecular formula can be found by dividing the actual molar mass by the empirical formula mass.
Page 4: Limiting Reactants and Yield Calculations
Comprehensive coverage of limiting reactant problems and yield calculations in chemical reactions.
Definition: The limiting reactant is the reactant that determines the maximum amount of product possible.
Example: In the reaction 2N₂ + 5O₂ → 2N₂O₅, calculate limiting reactant using given masses.
Vocabulary: Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product possible based on the limiting reactant.
Page 5: Gas Laws and Pressure Measurements
Detailed explanation of gas laws, pressure measurements, and related calculations.
Definition: The Combined Gas Law relates pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed amount of gas.
Highlight: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi
Example: Using PV = nRT to calculate molar mass or density of gases.
Page 6: Solutions and Concentration
Comprehensive coverage of solution chemistry, including types of solutions and concentration calculations.
Definition: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Vocabulary: Electrolytes are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water.
Highlight: "Like dissolves like" principle: polar substances dissolve in polar solvents.
Page 7: Solubility Rules
Detailed presentation of solubility rules for aqueous solutions.
Definition: Solubility rules predict whether compounds will dissolve in water under standard conditions.
Highlight: All nitrates and acetates are soluble.
Example: Halides are soluble except when combined with Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg⁺.
Page 8: Acids, Bases, and pH Calculations
Comprehensive coverage of acid-base chemistry and pH calculations.
Definition: pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
Example: To find pH from = 0.0035, calculate -log = 2.45
Highlight: pH + pOH = 14 in all aqueous solutions.
Atomic Structure and Significant Figures
This introductory section establishes fundamental chemistry concepts, focusing on atomic structure and numerical precision in calculations.
Definition: Significant figures are digits that carry meaning in a measurement, determining precision in calculations.
Example: In the number 0.0025, there are 2 significant figures as leading zeros don't count.
Highlight: The electron configuration follows a specific order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, and so on, following the Aufbau principle.
Vocabulary: SPDF notation refers to the quantum mechanical description of electron orbitals, where:
- s = sharp
- p = principal
- d = diffuse
- f = fundamental
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Fun with Honors Chem: Sig Figs & Awesome Periodic Table Trends
vik
@votzl
A comprehensive guide to key chemistry concepts, focusing on atomic structure, periodic trends, and chemical calculations. This guide covers essential topics from basic atomic theory through thermochemistry, with detailed explanations of periodic trends and chemical formulas.
Key points:
- Detailed coverage... Show more
Periodic Trends and Atomic Properties
This section explores fundamental periodic trends and atomic properties, essential for understanding chemical behavior.
Definition: Atomic radius trend shows how the size of atoms changes across the periodic table.
Highlight: Electronegativity trend increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.
Example: Carbon has 6 electrons arranged in 1s² 2s² 2p².
Vocabulary: Effective Nuclear Charge refers to the net positive charge experienced by an electron from the nucleus.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
This section covers how to determine chemical formulas from experimental data.
Definition: An empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Example: For a compound with 32.37% Na, 22.57% S, and 45.06% O, the process involves converting percentages to moles.
Highlight: The molecular formula can be determined by comparing the empirical formula mass to the actual molar mass.
Page 3: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Detailed explanation of empirical and molecular formula calculations, including hydrate determinations.
Definition: An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Example: For a compound with Na , S , and O , calculate moles of each element to determine the empirical formula.
Highlight: Molecular formula can be found by dividing the actual molar mass by the empirical formula mass.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 4: Limiting Reactants and Yield Calculations
Comprehensive coverage of limiting reactant problems and yield calculations in chemical reactions.
Definition: The limiting reactant is the reactant that determines the maximum amount of product possible.
Example: In the reaction 2N₂ + 5O₂ → 2N₂O₅, calculate limiting reactant using given masses.
Vocabulary: Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product possible based on the limiting reactant.
Page 5: Gas Laws and Pressure Measurements
Detailed explanation of gas laws, pressure measurements, and related calculations.
Definition: The Combined Gas Law relates pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed amount of gas.
Highlight: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi
Example: Using PV = nRT to calculate molar mass or density of gases.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 6: Solutions and Concentration
Comprehensive coverage of solution chemistry, including types of solutions and concentration calculations.
Definition: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Vocabulary: Electrolytes are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water.
Highlight: "Like dissolves like" principle: polar substances dissolve in polar solvents.
Page 7: Solubility Rules
Detailed presentation of solubility rules for aqueous solutions.
Definition: Solubility rules predict whether compounds will dissolve in water under standard conditions.
Highlight: All nitrates and acetates are soluble.
Example: Halides are soluble except when combined with Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg⁺.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 8: Acids, Bases, and pH Calculations
Comprehensive coverage of acid-base chemistry and pH calculations.
Definition: pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.
Example: To find pH from = 0.0035, calculate -log = 2.45
Highlight: pH + pOH = 14 in all aqueous solutions.
Atomic Structure and Significant Figures
This introductory section establishes fundamental chemistry concepts, focusing on atomic structure and numerical precision in calculations.
Definition: Significant figures are digits that carry meaning in a measurement, determining precision in calculations.
Example: In the number 0.0025, there are 2 significant figures as leading zeros don't count.
Highlight: The electron configuration follows a specific order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, and so on, following the Aufbau principle.
Vocabulary: SPDF notation refers to the quantum mechanical description of electron orbitals, where:
- s = sharp
- p = principal
- d = diffuse
- f = fundamental
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user