Periodic Trends and Atomic Properties

This section explores fundamental periodic trends and atomic properties, essential for understanding chemical behavior.

Definition: Atomic radius trend shows how the size of atoms changes across the periodic table.

Highlight: Electronegativity trend increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.

Example: Carbon (atomic number 6) has 6 electrons arranged in 1s² 2s² 2p².

Vocabulary: Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC) refers to the net positive charge experienced by an electron from the nucleus.

Page 4: Limiting Reactants and Yield Calculations

Comprehensive coverage of limiting reactant problems and yield calculations in chemical reactions.

Definition: The limiting reactant is the reactant that determines the maximum amount of product possible.

Example: In the reaction 2N₂ + 5O₂ → 2N₂O₅, calculate limiting reactant using given masses.

Vocabulary: Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product possible based on the limiting reactant.

Page 6: Solutions and Concentration

Comprehensive coverage of solution chemistry, including types of solutions and concentration calculations.

Definition: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Vocabulary: Electrolytes are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water.

Highlight: "Like dissolves like" principle: polar substances dissolve in polar solvents.

Atomic Structure and Significant Figures

This introductory section establishes fundamental chemistry concepts, focusing on atomic structure and numerical precision in calculations.

Definition: Significant figures are digits that carry meaning in a measurement, determining precision in calculations.

Example: In the number 0.0025, there are 2 significant figures as leading zeros don't count.

Highlight: The electron configuration follows a specific order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, and so on, following the Aufbau principle.

Vocabulary: SPDF notation refers to the quantum mechanical description of electron orbitals, where:

• s = sharp
• p = principal
• d = diffuse
• f = fundamental