• Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is composed of atoms, which are indivisible and unique to each element
• Ernest Rutherford's groundbreaking experiment with gold foil led to the discovery of the nuclear structure of an atom
• The present-day model of the atom shows that electrons have wave-like properties and are located somewhere in the electron cloud
• The atom consists of subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and the electron cloud housing the electrons
• Understanding the atomic structure and the components of an atom is essential in the study of chemistry and the composition of matter

For more detailed information and comprehensive insights on atomic structure, including the groundbreaking experiment with gold foil by Ernest Rutherford, Atomic Structure Notes PDFs, class notes, and PowerPoint presentations are valuable resources to enhance knowledge and learning.