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Dec 9, 2025
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Colligative properties are solution characteristics that depend only on the... Show more
Colligative properties depend solely on the number of solute particles in a solution, not on what those particles are. These properties change predictably when we add solutes to solvents.
The four main colligative properties are:
These concepts explain why adding salt to water changes its behavior - like making it harder to freeze or easier to boil!
Remember: The more solute particles present in a solution, the greater the effect on colligative properties.
When you add a nonvolatile solute (like salt or sugar) to water, the vapor pressure decreases. This happens because solute particles interfere with water molecules escaping from the liquid surface.
In a pure solvent, molecules freely move to the gas phase. But in a solution, solute particles block some solvent molecules from escaping, reducing the vapor pressure.
The more particles in the solution, the greater the vapor pressure reduction. This is why ionic compounds like NaCl (which breaks into two ions) have a stronger effect than molecular compounds like glucose (which stays as one particle).
The relationship is expressed mathematically as: P = Xₛₒₗᵥₑₙₜ × P⁰, where Xₛₒₗᵥₑₙₜ is the mole fraction of solvent and P⁰ is the pure solvent's vapor pressure.
Quick Tip: Ionic compounds have a greater effect on vapor pressure than molecular compounds of the same concentration because they produce more particles in solution.
Adding a solute to a solvent raises its boiling point! Since solutes lower vapor pressure, the solution must be heated to a higher temperature to reach atmospheric pressure.
When the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, boiling occurs. Because solutions have lower vapor pressure than pure solvents, they need more heat to reach this point.
For non-electrolytes, the equation ΔTₑ = Kₑ × m applies, where Kₑ is the boiling-point elevation constant and m is molality. For electrolytes, we use ΔTₑ = i × Kₑ × m, where i represents the number of ions formed.
For example, a solution containing 20g of ethyl alcohol in 250g of water would boil at 100.89°C instead of 100°C.
Science Hack: When cooking pasta in saltwater, it cooks faster not just because the water boils at a higher temperature, but because the salt also changes the pasta's protein structure!
Adding a solute to a solvent lowers its freezing point. This happens because solute particles disrupt the orderly arrangement of solvent molecules needed for freezing.
When solute particles are present, more energy must be removed from the solution to get the solvent molecules to form a solid structure. This is why we put salt on icy roads in winter!
For non-electrolytes, we calculate the freezing point depression using ΔTₑ = Kₑ × m, where Kₑ is the freezing-point depression constant and m is molality. For electrolytes, we use ΔTₑ = i × Kₑ × m, with i being the number of ions formed.
A practical example: a solution of 95g of methanol in 800g of benzene will freeze at -13.50°C rather than benzene's normal 5.5°C.
Cool Fact: This is exactly why antifreeze (ethylene glycol) works in car radiators - it significantly lowers water's freezing point to prevent engine damage in cold weather.
Osmosis occurs when solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. This movement creates osmotic pressure.
The membrane allows only solvent molecules to pass through, not solute molecules. Water naturally flows toward the more concentrated solution until equilibrium is reached or until pressure prevents further flow.
We can calculate osmotic pressure using the equation π = MRT, where M is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. For electrolytes, we use π = iMRT, where i accounts for the number of ions formed.
Osmotic pressure is crucial in biological systems - it's how plants draw water from soil and how your cells maintain proper fluid balance!
Biology Connection: If red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution (less concentrated than cell contents), water rushes in and they burst. In a hypertonic solution, they shrivel as water moves out!
Understanding colligative properties helps explain many everyday phenomena and has numerous practical applications in our lives.
Antifreeze in car radiators works by lowering water's freezing point. Similarly, salt on icy roads creates a solution with a lower freezing point than pure water, melting the ice even when temperatures are below 0°C.
In medicine, IV solutions must have the same osmotic pressure as blood (isotonic) to prevent cell damage. A 0.923% NaCl solution creates the perfect isotonic environment for red blood cells.
Scientists use osmotic pressure measurements to determine the molecular weights of large molecules like proteins and polymers - a technique that's particularly valuable for substances that are difficult to analyze by other methods.
Real-World Application: When making ice cream, adding salt to ice creates a solution that's colder than 0°C, allowing the cream mixture to freeze while still remaining smooth and creamy.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Colligative properties are solution characteristics that depend only on the number of solute particles, not their identity. These properties include vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. Understanding these concepts helps explain everyday phenomena like... Show more
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Colligative properties depend solely on the number of solute particles in a solution, not on what those particles are. These properties change predictably when we add solutes to solvents.
The four main colligative properties are:
These concepts explain why adding salt to water changes its behavior - like making it harder to freeze or easier to boil!
Remember: The more solute particles present in a solution, the greater the effect on colligative properties.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When you add a nonvolatile solute (like salt or sugar) to water, the vapor pressure decreases. This happens because solute particles interfere with water molecules escaping from the liquid surface.
In a pure solvent, molecules freely move to the gas phase. But in a solution, solute particles block some solvent molecules from escaping, reducing the vapor pressure.
The more particles in the solution, the greater the vapor pressure reduction. This is why ionic compounds like NaCl (which breaks into two ions) have a stronger effect than molecular compounds like glucose (which stays as one particle).
The relationship is expressed mathematically as: P = Xₛₒₗᵥₑₙₜ × P⁰, where Xₛₒₗᵥₑₙₜ is the mole fraction of solvent and P⁰ is the pure solvent's vapor pressure.
Quick Tip: Ionic compounds have a greater effect on vapor pressure than molecular compounds of the same concentration because they produce more particles in solution.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Adding a solute to a solvent raises its boiling point! Since solutes lower vapor pressure, the solution must be heated to a higher temperature to reach atmospheric pressure.
When the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, boiling occurs. Because solutions have lower vapor pressure than pure solvents, they need more heat to reach this point.
For non-electrolytes, the equation ΔTₑ = Kₑ × m applies, where Kₑ is the boiling-point elevation constant and m is molality. For electrolytes, we use ΔTₑ = i × Kₑ × m, where i represents the number of ions formed.
For example, a solution containing 20g of ethyl alcohol in 250g of water would boil at 100.89°C instead of 100°C.
Science Hack: When cooking pasta in saltwater, it cooks faster not just because the water boils at a higher temperature, but because the salt also changes the pasta's protein structure!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Adding a solute to a solvent lowers its freezing point. This happens because solute particles disrupt the orderly arrangement of solvent molecules needed for freezing.
When solute particles are present, more energy must be removed from the solution to get the solvent molecules to form a solid structure. This is why we put salt on icy roads in winter!
For non-electrolytes, we calculate the freezing point depression using ΔTₑ = Kₑ × m, where Kₑ is the freezing-point depression constant and m is molality. For electrolytes, we use ΔTₑ = i × Kₑ × m, with i being the number of ions formed.
A practical example: a solution of 95g of methanol in 800g of benzene will freeze at -13.50°C rather than benzene's normal 5.5°C.
Cool Fact: This is exactly why antifreeze (ethylene glycol) works in car radiators - it significantly lowers water's freezing point to prevent engine damage in cold weather.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Osmosis occurs when solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. This movement creates osmotic pressure.
The membrane allows only solvent molecules to pass through, not solute molecules. Water naturally flows toward the more concentrated solution until equilibrium is reached or until pressure prevents further flow.
We can calculate osmotic pressure using the equation π = MRT, where M is molarity, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. For electrolytes, we use π = iMRT, where i accounts for the number of ions formed.
Osmotic pressure is crucial in biological systems - it's how plants draw water from soil and how your cells maintain proper fluid balance!
Biology Connection: If red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution (less concentrated than cell contents), water rushes in and they burst. In a hypertonic solution, they shrivel as water moves out!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding colligative properties helps explain many everyday phenomena and has numerous practical applications in our lives.
Antifreeze in car radiators works by lowering water's freezing point. Similarly, salt on icy roads creates a solution with a lower freezing point than pure water, melting the ice even when temperatures are below 0°C.
In medicine, IV solutions must have the same osmotic pressure as blood (isotonic) to prevent cell damage. A 0.923% NaCl solution creates the perfect isotonic environment for red blood cells.
Scientists use osmotic pressure measurements to determine the molecular weights of large molecules like proteins and polymers - a technique that's particularly valuable for substances that are difficult to analyze by other methods.
Real-World Application: When making ice cream, adding salt to ice creates a solution that's colder than 0°C, allowing the cream mixture to freeze while still remaining smooth and creamy.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
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