Subjects

Chemistry

Thermodynamics

Enthalpy of formation

Fun with Soda Ash and Salt: Learn Solubility and Heat Experiments at Home!

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Fun with Soda Ash and Salt: Learn Solubility and Heat Experiments at Home!

Jessa Mae Estoque

@jessamaeestoque_qlas

9 Followers

This document covers various chemical engineering calculations related to solubility, crystallization, and heat transfer. It includes sample problems on solubility of soda ash in water at 30°C, yield calculation of sodium carbonate crystals, and heat of solution of potassium nitrate.

Key points:
• Solubility calculations for different compounds at various temperatures
• Mass and energy balances for crystallization processes
• Yield calculations for crystal formation
• Heat transfer calculations in crystallizers

2/22/2023

345

Sample Problem
A. Solubility of soda ash at 30°C in gliong water.
soda ash sodium Carbonate, Na₂CO3. 10H ₂0.
solubility 3.8-8g/100g
p. 2-85

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Sample Problem 1: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization

This page details a sample problem involving the crystallization of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄ · 7H₂O) from a solution.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 1000 kg
Feed temperature (TF) = 353 K
Solubility at 353 K = 64.2 kg MgSO₄ / 100 kg H₂O
Solubility at 303 K = 40.8 kg MgSO₄ / 100 kg H₂O
10% of water from feed is evaporated

The problem requires calculating the crystal yield and other process parameters.

Vocabulary: Crystal yield refers to the amount of solid crystals produced from a solution during the crystallization process.

The solution involves material balance equations and solubility calculations to determine the amount of crystals formed and the yield percentage.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates how to use solubility data at different temperatures to calculate crystallization yields, which is a fundamental skill in crystallization process in chemistry.

View

Sample Problem 5: Iron(II) Sulfate Crystallization

This problem deals with the crystallization of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O), also known as copperas, in an adiabatic vacuum crystallizer.

Given information:

Feed composition: 38.9 parts FeSO₄ per 100 parts H₂O
Initial temperature (TF) = 343 K
Enthalpy data provided
Production rate: 10 tons/hr of copperas crystals

The problem requires calculating the feed rate for steady-state operation.

Vocabulary: An adiabatic process is one that occurs without heat transfer to or from the surroundings.

The solution involves material and energy balance equations to determine the feed rate necessary to produce the specified amount of crystals.

Highlight: This problem illustrates the application of crystallization process steps in an industrial setting, demonstrating how theoretical concepts are applied to real-world production scenarios.

View

Sample Problem 4: Sodium Sulfate Crystallization

This problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O), also known as Glauber's salt.

Given information:

Feed composition: 500 kg Na₂SO₄ + 2500 kg H₂O
Initial temperature (TF) = 333 K
Vessel mass and specific heat capacity
Latent heat of vaporization and heat of solution data

The problem requires calculating the heat loss during the crystallization process.

Vocabulary: Glauber's salt is the common name for sodium sulfate decahydrate, an important industrial chemical.

The solution involves material balance equations to determine the amount of crystals formed, followed by an energy balance to calculate the heat loss.

Highlight: This problem showcases how the heat of solution in crystallization processes affects the overall energy balance, which is crucial for designing energy-efficient crystallization systems.

View

Sample Problem 3: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization with Heat Loss

This problem expands on the previous magnesium sulfate crystallization example by incorporating heat loss calculations.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 2000 kg MgSO₄
Initial temperature (TF) = 330 K
Final temperature (T) = 290 K
Solubility and molecular weight data provided

The problem requires calculating the yield of crystals and the heat loss during the process.

Vocabulary: Heat of crystallization (Δhc) is the energy released when a substance transitions from a liquid to a solid crystalline state.

The solution involves both material balance and energy balance equations to determine the crystal yield and the heat loss during the crystallization process.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates the importance of considering both mass and energy balances in crystallization processes, which is essential for designing efficient industrial crystallizers.

View

Sample Problems on Crystallization Computations

This section introduces the concept of crystallization computations with sample problems focusing on solubility and heat of solution for various compounds.

Vocabulary: Soda ash is another name for sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O).

Example: The solubility of soda ash at 30°C in boiling water is 38.8g/100g.

Definition: Solubility is the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

The document provides solubility data for several compounds:

Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl) at 70°C: 60.2 g/100g water
Epsom salt at 10°C: 20.9g/100g water
Saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO₃) heat of solution: -8.633 kcal/mol
Hydroxybenzene (phenol) heat of solution: -2,405 cal/mol

Highlight: Understanding solubility at different temperatures is crucial for designing crystallization processes in chemical engineering.

View

Sample Problem 6: Sodium Phosphate Crystallization

The final problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄ · 12H₂O) in a continuous crystallizer.

Given information:

Feed temperature (TF) = 313 K
Specific heat capacity and latent heat data
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Cooling water temperatures
Crystal production rate: 0.060 kg/s

The problem requires calculating the length of the crystallizer.

Vocabulary: The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat.

The solution involves energy balance equations to determine the heat transfer area required, which is then used to calculate the crystallizer length.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates how heat transfer principles are applied in the design of continuous crystallization equipment, which is essential knowledge for chemical engineers working on industrial crystallization processes.

View

Sample Problem 2: Sodium Carbonate Crystallization

This section presents a problem focusing on the crystallization of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O) from a solution.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 5000 kg of Na₂CO₃ and H₂O mixture
5% of water evaporates
Solubility data provided for different temperatures

The problem requires calculating the yield of Na₂CO₃ crystals.

Example: The solubility of sodium carbonate at the crystallization temperature is 21.5 kg Na₂CO₃ / 100 kg H₂O.

The solution involves material balance equations, similar to the previous problem, but with different solubility data and molecular weights.

Highlight: This problem illustrates how the solubility of sodium carbonate at different temperatures affects the crystallization yield, which is crucial knowledge for industrial crystallization processes.

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Subjects

Chemistry

Thermodynamics

Enthalpy of formation

Fun with Soda Ash and Salt: Learn Solubility and Heat Experiments at Home!

Jessa Mae Estoque

@jessamaeestoque_qlas

9 Followers

2/22/2023

345

Chemistry

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

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Sample Problem 1: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization

This page details a sample problem involving the crystallization of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄ · 7H₂O) from a solution.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 1000 kg
Feed temperature (TF) = 353 K
Solubility at 353 K = 64.2 kg MgSO₄ / 100 kg H₂O
Solubility at 303 K = 40.8 kg MgSO₄ / 100 kg H₂O
10% of water from feed is evaporated

The problem requires calculating the crystal yield and other process parameters.

Vocabulary: Crystal yield refers to the amount of solid crystals produced from a solution during the crystallization process.

The solution involves material balance equations and solubility calculations to determine the amount of crystals formed and the yield percentage.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates how to use solubility data at different temperatures to calculate crystallization yields, which is a fundamental skill in crystallization process in chemistry.

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Sample Problem 5: Iron(II) Sulfate Crystallization

This problem deals with the crystallization of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O), also known as copperas, in an adiabatic vacuum crystallizer.

Given information:

Feed composition: 38.9 parts FeSO₄ per 100 parts H₂O
Initial temperature (TF) = 343 K
Enthalpy data provided
Production rate: 10 tons/hr of copperas crystals

The problem requires calculating the feed rate for steady-state operation.

Vocabulary: An adiabatic process is one that occurs without heat transfer to or from the surroundings.

The solution involves material and energy balance equations to determine the feed rate necessary to produce the specified amount of crystals.

Highlight: This problem illustrates the application of crystallization process steps in an industrial setting, demonstrating how theoretical concepts are applied to real-world production scenarios.

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Free notes for every subject, made by the best students

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Sample Problem 4: Sodium Sulfate Crystallization

This problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O), also known as Glauber's salt.

Given information:

Feed composition: 500 kg Na₂SO₄ + 2500 kg H₂O
Initial temperature (TF) = 333 K
Vessel mass and specific heat capacity
Latent heat of vaporization and heat of solution data

The problem requires calculating the heat loss during the crystallization process.

Vocabulary: Glauber's salt is the common name for sodium sulfate decahydrate, an important industrial chemical.

The solution involves material balance equations to determine the amount of crystals formed, followed by an energy balance to calculate the heat loss.

Highlight: This problem showcases how the heat of solution in crystallization processes affects the overall energy balance, which is crucial for designing energy-efficient crystallization systems.

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Free notes for every subject, made by the best students

Get better grades with smart AI support

Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sample Problem 3: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization with Heat Loss

This problem expands on the previous magnesium sulfate crystallization example by incorporating heat loss calculations.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 2000 kg MgSO₄
Initial temperature (TF) = 330 K
Final temperature (T) = 290 K
Solubility and molecular weight data provided

The problem requires calculating the yield of crystals and the heat loss during the process.

Vocabulary: Heat of crystallization (Δhc) is the energy released when a substance transitions from a liquid to a solid crystalline state.

The solution involves both material balance and energy balance equations to determine the crystal yield and the heat loss during the crystallization process.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates the importance of considering both mass and energy balances in crystallization processes, which is essential for designing efficient industrial crystallizers.

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Free notes for every subject, made by the best students

Get better grades with smart AI support

Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sample Problems on Crystallization Computations

This section introduces the concept of crystallization computations with sample problems focusing on solubility and heat of solution for various compounds.

Vocabulary: Soda ash is another name for sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O).

Example: The solubility of soda ash at 30°C in boiling water is 38.8g/100g.

Definition: Solubility is the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

The document provides solubility data for several compounds:

Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl) at 70°C: 60.2 g/100g water
Epsom salt at 10°C: 20.9g/100g water
Saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO₃) heat of solution: -8.633 kcal/mol
Hydroxybenzene (phenol) heat of solution: -2,405 cal/mol

Highlight: Understanding solubility at different temperatures is crucial for designing crystallization processes in chemical engineering.

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Free notes for every subject, made by the best students

Get better grades with smart AI support

Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sample Problem 6: Sodium Phosphate Crystallization

The final problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄ · 12H₂O) in a continuous crystallizer.

Given information:

Feed temperature (TF) = 313 K
Specific heat capacity and latent heat data
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Cooling water temperatures
Crystal production rate: 0.060 kg/s

The problem requires calculating the length of the crystallizer.

Vocabulary: The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat.

The solution involves energy balance equations to determine the heat transfer area required, which is then used to calculate the crystallizer length.

Highlight: This problem demonstrates how heat transfer principles are applied in the design of continuous crystallization equipment, which is essential knowledge for chemical engineers working on industrial crystallization processes.

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Free notes for every subject, made by the best students

Get better grades with smart AI support

Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sample Problem 2: Sodium Carbonate Crystallization

This section presents a problem focusing on the crystallization of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O) from a solution.

Given information:

Feed (F) = 5000 kg of Na₂CO₃ and H₂O mixture
5% of water evaporates
Solubility data provided for different temperatures

The problem requires calculating the yield of Na₂CO₃ crystals.

Example: The solubility of sodium carbonate at the crystallization temperature is 21.5 kg Na₂CO₃ / 100 kg H₂O.

The solution involves material balance equations, similar to the previous problem, but with different solubility data and molecular weights.

Highlight: This problem illustrates how the solubility of sodium carbonate at different temperatures affects the crystallization yield, which is crucial knowledge for industrial crystallization processes.

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Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

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Students use Knowunity

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Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Fun with Soda Ash and Salt: Learn Solubility and Heat Experiments at Home!

Sample Problem 1: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization

Sample Problem 5: Iron(II) Sulfate Crystallization

Sample Problem 4: Sodium Sulfate Crystallization

Sample Problem 3: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization with Heat Loss

Sample Problems on Crystallization Computations

Sample Problem 6: Sodium Phosphate Crystallization

Sample Problem 2: Sodium Carbonate Crystallization

Similar Content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

13 M

#1

950 K+

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying

Fun with Soda Ash and Salt: Learn Solubility and Heat Experiments at Home!

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 1: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 5: Iron(II) Sulfate Crystallization

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 4: Sodium Sulfate Crystallization

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 3: Magnesium Sulfate Crystallization with Heat Loss

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problems on Crystallization Computations

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 6: Sodium Phosphate Crystallization

Free Study Notes from Top Students - Unlock Now!

Sample Problem 2: Sodium Carbonate Crystallization

Similar Content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

13 M

#1

950 K+

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying