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AP Chemistry
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Chemistry
Dec 1, 2025
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This document covers various chemical engineering calculations related to solubility, crystallization, and heat transfer. It includes sample problems... Show more
This page details a sample problem involving the crystallization of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄ · 7H₂O) from a solution.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the crystal yield and other process parameters.
Vocabulary Crystal yield refers to the amount of solid crystals produced from a solution during the crystallization process.
The solution involves material balance equations and solubility calculations to determine the amount of crystals formed and the yield percentage.
Highlight This problem demonstrates how to use solubility data at different temperatures to calculate crystallization yields, which is a fundamental skill in crystallization process in chemistry.
This section presents a problem focusing on the crystallization of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O) from a solution.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the yield of Na₂CO₃ crystals.
Example The solubility of sodium carbonate at the crystallization temperature is 21.5 kg Na₂CO₃ / 100 kg H₂O.
The solution involves material balance equations, similar to the previous problem, but with different solubility data and molecular weights.
Highlight This problem illustrates how the solubility of sodium carbonate at different temperatures affects the crystallization yield, which is crucial knowledge for industrial crystallization processes.
This problem expands on the previous magnesium sulfate crystallization example by incorporating heat loss calculations.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the yield of crystals and the heat loss during the process.
Vocabulary Heat of crystallization (Δhc) is the energy released when a substance transitions from a liquid to a solid crystalline state.
The solution involves both material balance and energy balance equations to determine the crystal yield and the heat loss during the crystallization process.
Highlight This problem demonstrates the importance of considering both mass and energy balances in crystallization processes, which is essential for designing efficient industrial crystallizers.
This problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O), also known as Glauber's salt.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the heat loss during the crystallization process.
Vocabulary Glauber's salt is the common name for sodium sulfate decahydrate, an important industrial chemical.
The solution involves material balance equations to determine the amount of crystals formed, followed by an energy balance to calculate the heat loss.
Highlight This problem showcases how the heat of solution in crystallization processes affects the overall energy balance, which is crucial for designing energy-efficient crystallization systems.
This problem deals with the crystallization of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O), also known as copperas, in an adiabatic vacuum crystallizer.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the feed rate for steady-state operation.
Vocabulary An adiabatic process is one that occurs without heat transfer to or from the surroundings.
The solution involves material and energy balance equations to determine the feed rate necessary to produce the specified amount of crystals.
Highlight This problem illustrates the application of crystallization process steps in an industrial setting, demonstrating how theoretical concepts are applied to real-world production scenarios.
The final problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄ · 12H₂O) in a continuous crystallizer.
Given information
The problem requires calculating the length of the crystallizer.
Vocabulary The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat.
The solution involves energy balance equations to determine the heat transfer area required, which is then used to calculate the crystallizer length.
Highlight This problem demonstrates how heat transfer principles are applied in the design of continuous crystallization equipment, which is essential knowledge for chemical engineers working on industrial crystallization processes.
This section introduces the concept of crystallization computations with sample problems focusing on solubility and heat of solution for various compounds.
Vocabulary Soda ash is another name for sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O).
Example The solubility of soda ash at 30°C in boiling water is 38.8g/100g.
Definition Solubility is the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
The document provides solubility data for several compounds
Highlight Understanding solubility at different temperatures is crucial for designing crystallization processes in chemical engineering.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
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The difference between each of the elements
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of combustion and fractional distillation in hydrocarbons. This summary covers the combustion reactions, the formation of carbon dioxide and monoxide, and the distillation process of crude oil into various fuels. Ideal for Higher Chemistry students preparing for exams.
ChemistrySome examples of crystallization in worded problems are solved here.
ChemistrySample problems regarding computation of a cycle with boiler.
ChemistryNotes include: - key definitions - key words - enthalpy cycles - illustrations - equations - calculations of enthalpy change of formation and enthalpy change of reaction - worked examples - highlighted important info
AP ChemistryNotes relating to phase change: triple point, critical points, and heating curves.
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
This document covers various chemical engineering calculations related to solubility, crystallization, and heat transfer. It includes sample problems on solubility of soda ash in water at 30°C, yield calculation of sodium carbonate crystals, and heat of solution of... Show more
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This page details a sample problem involving the crystallization of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄ · 7H₂O) from a solution.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the crystal yield and other process parameters.
Vocabulary: Crystal yield refers to the amount of solid crystals produced from a solution during the crystallization process.
The solution involves material balance equations and solubility calculations to determine the amount of crystals formed and the yield percentage.
Highlight: This problem demonstrates how to use solubility data at different temperatures to calculate crystallization yields, which is a fundamental skill in crystallization process in chemistry.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section presents a problem focusing on the crystallization of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O) from a solution.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the yield of Na₂CO₃ crystals.
Example: The solubility of sodium carbonate at the crystallization temperature is 21.5 kg Na₂CO₃ / 100 kg H₂O.
The solution involves material balance equations, similar to the previous problem, but with different solubility data and molecular weights.
Highlight: This problem illustrates how the solubility of sodium carbonate at different temperatures affects the crystallization yield, which is crucial knowledge for industrial crystallization processes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This problem expands on the previous magnesium sulfate crystallization example by incorporating heat loss calculations.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the yield of crystals and the heat loss during the process.
Vocabulary: Heat of crystallization (Δhc) is the energy released when a substance transitions from a liquid to a solid crystalline state.
The solution involves both material balance and energy balance equations to determine the crystal yield and the heat loss during the crystallization process.
Highlight: This problem demonstrates the importance of considering both mass and energy balances in crystallization processes, which is essential for designing efficient industrial crystallizers.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O), also known as Glauber's salt.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the heat loss during the crystallization process.
Vocabulary: Glauber's salt is the common name for sodium sulfate decahydrate, an important industrial chemical.
The solution involves material balance equations to determine the amount of crystals formed, followed by an energy balance to calculate the heat loss.
Highlight: This problem showcases how the heat of solution in crystallization processes affects the overall energy balance, which is crucial for designing energy-efficient crystallization systems.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This problem deals with the crystallization of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O), also known as copperas, in an adiabatic vacuum crystallizer.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the feed rate for steady-state operation.
Vocabulary: An adiabatic process is one that occurs without heat transfer to or from the surroundings.
The solution involves material and energy balance equations to determine the feed rate necessary to produce the specified amount of crystals.
Highlight: This problem illustrates the application of crystallization process steps in an industrial setting, demonstrating how theoretical concepts are applied to real-world production scenarios.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final problem focuses on the crystallization of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄ · 12H₂O) in a continuous crystallizer.
Given information:
The problem requires calculating the length of the crystallizer.
Vocabulary: The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat.
The solution involves energy balance equations to determine the heat transfer area required, which is then used to calculate the crystallizer length.
Highlight: This problem demonstrates how heat transfer principles are applied in the design of continuous crystallization equipment, which is essential knowledge for chemical engineers working on industrial crystallization processes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section introduces the concept of crystallization computations with sample problems focusing on solubility and heat of solution for various compounds.
Vocabulary: Soda ash is another name for sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O).
Example: The solubility of soda ash at 30°C in boiling water is 38.8g/100g.
Definition: Solubility is the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
The document provides solubility data for several compounds:
Highlight: Understanding solubility at different temperatures is crucial for designing crystallization processes in chemical engineering.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
30
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
The difference between each of the elements
ChemistryExplore the key concepts of combustion and fractional distillation in hydrocarbons. This summary covers the combustion reactions, the formation of carbon dioxide and monoxide, and the distillation process of crude oil into various fuels. Ideal for Higher Chemistry students preparing for exams.
ChemistrySome examples of crystallization in worded problems are solved here.
ChemistrySample problems regarding computation of a cycle with boiler.
ChemistryNotes include: - key definitions - key words - enthalpy cycles - illustrations - equations - calculations of enthalpy change of formation and enthalpy change of reaction - worked examples - highlighted important info
AP ChemistryNotes relating to phase change: triple point, critical points, and heating curves.
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige