The molecular orbital theory and hybridization concepts in covalent bonding explain how atoms share electrons and form stable molecules. sp³ hybridization in covalent bonding plays a crucial role in forming tetrahedral molecular geometries.

• Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals with properties suited for chemical bonding
• The trigonal planar arrangement orbital hybridization (sp²) enables formation of double bonds through sigma and pi bonding
• The molecular orbital model for electron delocalization treats molecules as collections of nuclei and electrons in molecular orbitals
• Different types of hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, dsp³) produce distinct molecular geometries and bonding arrangements
• Bond order and molecular orbital theory help explain bond strengths and magnetic properties of molecules