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Chemistry
Dec 1, 2025
36
5 pages
calista ๐ชป @urstrulycalista
Phase diagrams are powerful tools that show how temperature and pressure affect the state of matter. These visual... Show more
Phase diagrams help you visualize the relationship between different states of matter and the conditions that cause changes between them. They show how temperature and pressure determine whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
States of matter depend on the balance between internal energy of atoms and molecules. When energy is added or removed, matter undergoes a phase change. These changes have specific names melting/freezing , vaporization/condensation , and sublimation/deposition .
Each state of matter has distinct properties. Solids have a fixed volume and shape. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Gases have neither fixed volume nor shape - they expand to fill whatever container they're in.
๐ก Think of states of matter as a competition between forces the kinetic energy (motion) of molecules versus the intermolecular forces holding them together. Which force wins determines the state!
Phase changes involve energy transfer. When a substance melts or vaporizes, it absorbs energy from its surroundings. When it freezes or condenses, it releases energy to its surroundings.
The state of any substance represents a balance between intermolecular forces (IF) and kinetic energy (KE). As energy is added to ice, for example, molecules initially vibrate within their crystal structure. When enough energy is added, KE increases until the crystal breaks apart at melting. In the liquid phase, molecules move around but stay close together.
As more energy is added to a liquid, molecules move faster until some gain enough energy to escape into the vapor phase (vaporization). In the gas phase, KE greatly exceeds IF, allowing molecules to move rapidly and spread far apart.
๐ Remember this pattern Solid (IFโซKE) โ Liquid (IF>KE) โ Gas (KEโซIF). Each transition requires energy to overcome the forces holding molecules together.
Phase changes depend on both temperature and pressure. Temperature directly affects kinetic energy - adding thermal energy increases KE. Pressure affects the strength of intermolecular forces by controlling how close molecules are to each other.
At high pressures, molecules are forced closer together, strengthening intermolecular forces (IF>KE). At low pressures, molecules spread farther apart, weakening these forces (IF<KE). This is why pressure changes can cause phase changes even without temperature changes.
Phase diagrams show three important curves the fusion curve (solid to liquid), the vaporization curve (liquid to gas), and the sublimation curve (solid to gas). These curves intersect at the triple point - the specific temperature and pressure where all three phases coexist in equilibrium.
๐งช The vaporization curve ends at a special place called the "critical point." Beyond this point, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears completely - they become a single fluid phase!
Phase diagrams let you predict what state a substance will be in under specific conditions. To use them, simply find the temperature on the horizontal axis and pressure on the vertical axis, then see which region (solid, liquid, or gas) contains that point.
The lines between regions represent conditions where two phases exist in equilibrium. For example, at any point along the fusion curve (blue), the substance exists as both solid and liquid. Similarly, the sublimation curve (red) shows conditions where solid and gas coexist.
Interestingly, the path a substance takes through a phase diagram depends on both temperature AND pressure. At 300 kPa, increasing temperature from 10ยฐC to 80ยฐC causes Substance X to change from solid to liquid to gas. However, at 100 kPa, the same temperature change causes it to go directly from solid to gas (sublimation).
๐๏ธ When reading phase diagrams, pay special attention to the triple point - it's the only condition where all three states exist simultaneously. This is a common test question!
Phase diagrams summarize how states of matter depend on the balance between intermolecular forces and kinetic energy. Temperature changes alter kinetic energy, while pressure changes affect intermolecular forces - both can trigger phase changes.
Water's phase diagram reveals some unusual properties. Unlike most substances, water's solid phase (ice) is less dense than its liquid phase, which is why ice floats. This unique property is reflected in its phase diagram, which shows the solid-liquid boundary line tilting to the left rather than right.
The triple point of water occurs at 0.01ยฐC and a very low pressure (0.006 atmospheres), while its critical point occurs at 374ยฐC and high pressure. At normal atmospheric pressure (100 kPa), water melts at 0ยฐC (normal melting point) and boils at 100ยฐC (normal boiling point).
๐ Water's unusual phase behavior is essential for life on Earth! If ice sank instead of floated, lakes and oceans would freeze from the bottom up, potentially killing aquatic life during cold winters.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Learn how to balance chemical reactions.
ChemistryIn these notes I describe electronegativity and polarity, chemical equations, how to balance chemical equations, combustion analysis, calculations within balanced chemical equations, limiting reagents, atom economy, and periodic trends.
AP ChemistryDive into the core concepts of quantitative chemistry with this comprehensive revision sheet. Covering key topics such as mole conversions, stoichiometry, atom economy, percent yield, and concentration calculations, this resource is designed to enhance your understanding and prepare you for exams. Ideal for GCSE students focusing on quantitative analysis in chemistry.
Chemistrymole to mole, mole to mass, mass to mass, and volume conversions
ChemistryExplore key concepts in chemistry including Moles, Percentage Yield, Empirical and Molecular Formulae, and Molar Ratios. This mind map provides a comprehensive overview of the Amount of Substance, Relative Atomic and Formula Mass, and the Avogadro Constant, essential for mastering stoichiometry and mole calculations.
ChemistryWorksheet and notes on stoichiometry, as well as limiting and excess reactants
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
calista ๐ชป
@urstrulycalista
Phase diagrams are powerful tools that show how temperature and pressure affect the state of matter. These visual maps reveal when a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas, and the conditions where these states change or coexist.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phase diagrams help you visualize the relationship between different states of matter and the conditions that cause changes between them. They show how temperature and pressure determine whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
States of matter depend on the balance between internal energy of atoms and molecules. When energy is added or removed, matter undergoes a phase change. These changes have specific names: melting/freezing , vaporization/condensation , and sublimation/deposition .
Each state of matter has distinct properties. Solids have a fixed volume and shape. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Gases have neither fixed volume nor shape - they expand to fill whatever container they're in.
๐ก Think of states of matter as a competition between forces: the kinetic energy (motion) of molecules versus the intermolecular forces holding them together. Which force wins determines the state!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phase changes involve energy transfer. When a substance melts or vaporizes, it absorbs energy from its surroundings. When it freezes or condenses, it releases energy to its surroundings.
The state of any substance represents a balance between intermolecular forces (IF) and kinetic energy (KE). As energy is added to ice, for example, molecules initially vibrate within their crystal structure. When enough energy is added, KE increases until the crystal breaks apart at melting. In the liquid phase, molecules move around but stay close together.
As more energy is added to a liquid, molecules move faster until some gain enough energy to escape into the vapor phase (vaporization). In the gas phase, KE greatly exceeds IF, allowing molecules to move rapidly and spread far apart.
๐ Remember this pattern: Solid (IFโซKE) โ Liquid (IF>KE) โ Gas (KEโซIF). Each transition requires energy to overcome the forces holding molecules together.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phase changes depend on both temperature and pressure. Temperature directly affects kinetic energy - adding thermal energy increases KE. Pressure affects the strength of intermolecular forces by controlling how close molecules are to each other.
At high pressures, molecules are forced closer together, strengthening intermolecular forces (IF>KE). At low pressures, molecules spread farther apart, weakening these forces (IF<KE). This is why pressure changes can cause phase changes even without temperature changes.
Phase diagrams show three important curves: the fusion curve (solid to liquid), the vaporization curve (liquid to gas), and the sublimation curve (solid to gas). These curves intersect at the triple point - the specific temperature and pressure where all three phases coexist in equilibrium.
๐งช The vaporization curve ends at a special place called the "critical point." Beyond this point, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears completely - they become a single fluid phase!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phase diagrams let you predict what state a substance will be in under specific conditions. To use them, simply find the temperature on the horizontal axis and pressure on the vertical axis, then see which region (solid, liquid, or gas) contains that point.
The lines between regions represent conditions where two phases exist in equilibrium. For example, at any point along the fusion curve (blue), the substance exists as both solid and liquid. Similarly, the sublimation curve (red) shows conditions where solid and gas coexist.
Interestingly, the path a substance takes through a phase diagram depends on both temperature AND pressure. At 300 kPa, increasing temperature from 10ยฐC to 80ยฐC causes Substance X to change from solid to liquid to gas. However, at 100 kPa, the same temperature change causes it to go directly from solid to gas (sublimation).
๐๏ธ When reading phase diagrams, pay special attention to the triple point - it's the only condition where all three states exist simultaneously. This is a common test question!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Phase diagrams summarize how states of matter depend on the balance between intermolecular forces and kinetic energy. Temperature changes alter kinetic energy, while pressure changes affect intermolecular forces - both can trigger phase changes.
Water's phase diagram reveals some unusual properties. Unlike most substances, water's solid phase (ice) is less dense than its liquid phase, which is why ice floats. This unique property is reflected in its phase diagram, which shows the solid-liquid boundary line tilting to the left rather than right.
The triple point of water occurs at 0.01ยฐC and a very low pressure (0.006 atmospheres), while its critical point occurs at 374ยฐC and high pressure. At normal atmospheric pressure (100 kPa), water melts at 0ยฐC (normal melting point) and boils at 100ยฐC (normal boiling point).
๐ Water's unusual phase behavior is essential for life on Earth! If ice sank instead of floated, lakes and oceans would freeze from the bottom up, potentially killing aquatic life during cold winters.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Learn how to balance chemical reactions.
ChemistryIn these notes I describe electronegativity and polarity, chemical equations, how to balance chemical equations, combustion analysis, calculations within balanced chemical equations, limiting reagents, atom economy, and periodic trends.
AP ChemistryDive into the core concepts of quantitative chemistry with this comprehensive revision sheet. Covering key topics such as mole conversions, stoichiometry, atom economy, percent yield, and concentration calculations, this resource is designed to enhance your understanding and prepare you for exams. Ideal for GCSE students focusing on quantitative analysis in chemistry.
Chemistrymole to mole, mole to mass, mass to mass, and volume conversions
ChemistryExplore key concepts in chemistry including Moles, Percentage Yield, Empirical and Molecular Formulae, and Molar Ratios. This mind map provides a comprehensive overview of the Amount of Substance, Relative Atomic and Formula Mass, and the Avogadro Constant, essential for mastering stoichiometry and mole calculations.
ChemistryWorksheet and notes on stoichiometry, as well as limiting and excess reactants
AP ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think itโs very much worth it and youโll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still donโt get it!!! In the end I think itโs worth it ๐๐ โ ๏ธAlso DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DONโT HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLYโ๏ธโ๏ธโ ๏ธ
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app Iโve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help๐ค๐ค
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.๐๐ฉท๐
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as Iโve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
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