Labelling Theory and Its Application in Criminology
Labelling theory, as developed by sociologists like Howard Becker, focuses on how society's reaction to deviant behavior can influence an individual's identity and future actions. This theory is part of the broader interactionist perspective in sociology.
Key aspects of labelling theory in criminology:
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Universal deviance: The theory posits that most people commit deviant or criminal acts, but only some are caught and labelled for it.
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Selective enforcement: It highlights that individuals from certain backgrounds may be more likely to be labelled as criminals.
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Focus on societal reaction: Rather than examining the causes of initial deviant acts, labelling theory concentrates on how society defines and reacts to crime and deviance.
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Self-perception and behavior: Becker was particularly interested in how others' perceptions and our self-perception can influence behavior.
Example: An individual might be labelled as a criminal due to committing a crime, coming from a family with a criminal history, or being judged based on appearance or certain features.
Highlight: The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy and criminal behavior is crucial in labelling theory. If a negative label sticks, society may treat the individual differently, and the person may come to believe and act according to this label.
Vocabulary: Self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a prediction that causes itself to become true due to the behavior it inspires in the believer.
