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Why Laws Differ: Culture, Religion, and Crime Study Notes for Unit 2

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Saffron

9/19/2022

Criminology

Unit 2, A.C 1.2

Why Laws Differ: Culture, Religion, and Crime Study Notes for Unit 2

Laws and Cultural Variations in Criminality: A Comprehensive Overview explores how legal systems differ across cultures, time periods, and circumstances, highlighting the dynamic nature of criminal justice systems worldwide.

Key points:

  • How laws change from culture to culture in criminality is influenced by religious beliefs, traditions, and societal values
  • Different societies apply varying legal standards to actions like polygamy, adultery, and drug use
  • Legal systems evolve over time in response to social changes, public opinion, and significant events
  • The application of laws can vary based on circumstances, age, and social factors
  • Religious and cultural influences play a crucial role in shaping criminal laws and their enforcement
...

9/19/2022

1922

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

View

How Laws Change Over Time in Criminology

This page explores how various laws have evolved historically, reflecting changing societal values and norms.

Drug laws have undergone significant changes in many countries. Portugal, for example, introduced equal penalties for all drugs as part of a public health-focused approach.

Gun laws have often been tightened in response to tragic events. The UK severely restricted gun ownership after the Dunblane massacre in 1996.

Example: The Gun Control Network and Snowdrop Campaign were influential in changing UK gun laws.

Laws relating to children have dramatically evolved since the 13th century. Modern laws now cover child labor, compulsory education, and child protection.

Highlight: The concept of childhood as a distinct life stage only emerged relatively recently in human history.

Physical punishment laws, particularly regarding capital punishment, have changed significantly. The UK abolished the death penalty in 1965, reflecting a growing view that it violates human rights.

Homosexuality laws have progressed from total criminalization to increasing acceptance and legalization in many countries.

Quote: "Gay marriage finally legal in 2014" - This marks a significant milestone in the evolution of LGBTQ+ rights in the UK.

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

View

Differential Law Enforcement and Circumstances

This page examines how laws are applied differently based on various circumstances and factors.

Differential law enforcement refers to the uneven application of laws, often influenced by factors like race, class, or age.

Vocabulary: Differential law enforcement - the inconsistent application of laws to different groups or in different situations.

The London Riots of 2011 saw harsher sentences given to deter future unrest, even for minor offenses. This exemplifies how extraordinary circumstances can lead to stricter law enforcement.

Moral panics can influence how laws are applied. Police may develop "typifications" or assumptions about what a criminal looks like, leading to biased enforcement.

Example: The overuse of stop and search on young black males by the Metropolitan Police in London demonstrates how typifications can lead to discriminatory practices.

Age of criminal responsibility plays a crucial role in how laws are applied to young offenders. In the UK, this age is 10 years old.

Highlight: The case of Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, who were tried as adults at age 10 for the murder of Jamie Bulger, sparked debate about how the law should treat young offenders.

Chambliss's study of "Saints" and "Roughnecks" revealed how social class can influence law enforcement, with working-class youth facing stricter policing despite similar offense rates.

This page underscores the complex interplay between laws, societal factors, and individual circumstances in the application of criminal justice.

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

View

Differential Law Enforcement

This section explores how laws are applied differently based on circumstances and social factors.

Definition: Differential law enforcement refers to varying applications of law based on social, demographic, or situational factors.

Example: The 2011 London Riots resulted in harsher sentences to "deter others and teach people a lesson."

The text examines:

  • Police typifications and their impact on law enforcement
  • The role of moral panics in influencing law enforcement
  • Age-based differences in criminal responsibility
  • Chambliss's study of "Saints" and "Roughnecks"

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Criminology

1,922

Sep 19, 2022

4 pages

Why Laws Differ: Culture, Religion, and Crime Study Notes for Unit 2

Laws and Cultural Variations in Criminality: A Comprehensive Overview explores how legal systems differ across cultures, time periods, and circumstances, highlighting the dynamic nature of criminal justice systems worldwide.

Key points:

  • How laws change from culture to culture in criminality... Show more

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

How Laws Change Over Time in Criminology

This page explores how various laws have evolved historically, reflecting changing societal values and norms.

Drug laws have undergone significant changes in many countries. Portugal, for example, introduced equal penalties for all drugs as part of a public health-focused approach.

Gun laws have often been tightened in response to tragic events. The UK severely restricted gun ownership after the Dunblane massacre in 1996.

Example: The Gun Control Network and Snowdrop Campaign were influential in changing UK gun laws.

Laws relating to children have dramatically evolved since the 13th century. Modern laws now cover child labor, compulsory education, and child protection.

Highlight: The concept of childhood as a distinct life stage only emerged relatively recently in human history.

Physical punishment laws, particularly regarding capital punishment, have changed significantly. The UK abolished the death penalty in 1965, reflecting a growing view that it violates human rights.

Homosexuality laws have progressed from total criminalization to increasing acceptance and legalization in many countries.

Quote: "Gay marriage finally legal in 2014" - This marks a significant milestone in the evolution of LGBTQ+ rights in the UK.

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Differential Law Enforcement and Circumstances

This page examines how laws are applied differently based on various circumstances and factors.

Differential law enforcement refers to the uneven application of laws, often influenced by factors like race, class, or age.

Vocabulary: Differential law enforcement - the inconsistent application of laws to different groups or in different situations.

The London Riots of 2011 saw harsher sentences given to deter future unrest, even for minor offenses. This exemplifies how extraordinary circumstances can lead to stricter law enforcement.

Moral panics can influence how laws are applied. Police may develop "typifications" or assumptions about what a criminal looks like, leading to biased enforcement.

Example: The overuse of stop and search on young black males by the Metropolitan Police in London demonstrates how typifications can lead to discriminatory practices.

Age of criminal responsibility plays a crucial role in how laws are applied to young offenders. In the UK, this age is 10 years old.

Highlight: The case of Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, who were tried as adults at age 10 for the murder of Jamie Bulger, sparked debate about how the law should treat young offenders.

Chambliss's study of "Saints" and "Roughnecks" revealed how social class can influence law enforcement, with working-class youth facing stricter policing despite similar offense rates.

This page underscores the complex interplay between laws, societal factors, and individual circumstances in the application of criminal justice.

AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Differential Law Enforcement

This section explores how laws are applied differently based on circumstances and social factors.

Definition: Differential law enforcement refers to varying applications of law based on social, demographic, or situational factors.

Example: The 2011 London Riots resulted in harsher sentences to "deter others and teach people a lesson."

The text examines:

  • Police typifications and their impact on law enforcement
  • The role of moral panics in influencing law enforcement
  • Age-based differences in criminal responsibility
  • Chambliss's study of "Saints" and "Roughnecks"
AC 1.2: Explain the social construction of criminality.
How laws change Legal
from culture to
culture
Polygamy-having
multiple wives
Adulter

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

How Laws Change from Culture to Culture in Criminality

Laws and criminal justice systems vary significantly across different cultures and societies. This page examines how specific laws and practices differ between countries and regions.

Polygamy is legal in some African and Asian countries like Algeria and Saudi Arabia, but illegal in most Western nations. This difference is often rooted in religious traditions, as Islam permits men to have up to four wives.

Definition: Polygamy refers to the practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously.

Adultery is criminalized in 21 US states and some Asian countries, while it's not a criminal offense in the UK and most of Europe. Religious influences from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism often contribute to stricter laws against adultery.

Homosexuality is legal in most Western countries but remains criminalized in many African and Asian nations. Public opinion, religious beliefs, and cultural norms significantly influence these laws.

Highlight: Sexism can play a role in how homosexuality laws are applied, with some countries only criminalizing male same-sex relationships.

Cannabis use is legal in countries like Canada and Uruguay but remains illegal in many others. Different approaches to drug control and public health policies shape these varying laws.

Example: Portugal decriminalized all drugs in 2001, focusing on a public health approach rather than criminal justice.

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Paul T

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user