Clauses: The Building Blocks of Sentences

Ever wonder what makes a complete sentence? It all starts with clauses. A clause is a group of related words containing both a subject (who or what the sentence is about) and a verb (the action). Don't confuse clauses with phrases, which lack either a subject or verb or both.

For example, "The five monkeys at the zoo eat bananas" is a clause because it has both a subject (monkeys) and a verb (eat). But "In the morning" is just a phrase—no complete action happening there!

An independent clause can stand alone as a complete thought. Examples include "She was happy" and "My cat likes to play." These are also called simple sentences because they contain just one complete thought. The formula is simple: Subject + Verb = Complete Thought.

Pro Tip: Being able to spot independent clauses will help you identify problems in your writing like fragments and run-ons. This skill is super useful for improving your papers and getting better grades!

Dependent Clauses, Fragments, and Run-ons

Dependent clauses also contain subjects and verbs, but they don't express complete thoughts. They're like half-finished sentences that leave you hanging! For example, "While we held the door" has a subject (we) and verb (held) but doesn't complete the thought.

Dependent clauses usually start with marker words like while, because, if, when, or although. These words signal that the clause needs to connect to an independent clause to make sense.

A sentence fragment happens when you're missing either a subject or a verb. Even long phrases can be fragments! For example, "Because they were hungry" is a fragment—it leaves us wondering what happened because they were hungry.

Run-on sentences occur when two complete thoughts are smooshed together without proper punctuation. For example: "Tomorrow is my brother's birthday I will surprise him." This needs either a period, semicolon, or a comma with a conjunction between the thoughts.

Remember: Never join two complete thoughts with just a comma—that's called a "comma splice" and it's one of the most common writing errors!