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Hailey Diels
12/3/2025
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Neuroanatomy
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Nervous System Divisions and Structure
Your nervous system has two main parts that work together like a complex computer network. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all nerves outside your brain and spinal cord—cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral sensors that collect information from your environment.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is your body's command center, consisting of your brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. These structures process information and send out instructions to your body.
The PNS connects to specific body regions in organized patterns. Myotomes are muscle regions controlled by a single motor nerve root, while dermatomes are skin areas served by a single sensory nerve root. This organization helps doctors pinpoint injury locations when you lose sensation or movement in specific areas.
Did You Know? Your brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid acts like a cushion, protecting your brain from bumping against your skull when you move.
Your brain has two hemispheres with different specialties. The left side handles language, math, and logic, while the right side processes spatial relationships, music, and faces. Your brain is also divided into lobes: frontal (attention and movement), parietal (body sensations), occipital (vision), temporal (hearing), and limbic (emotions and impulse control).
Brain Functions and Organization
Your brain contains specialized regions for different functions, much like departments in a school. The motor cortex controls your voluntary movements, while the somatosensory cortex processes body sensations. Language is handled by Broca's area (speaking) and Wernicke's area (understanding).
The brain organizes body connections in a fascinating way called somatotopic organization. This means specific brain areas control specific body parts, creating a complete body map in your brain. Some parts get more brain real estate than others—your hands and face have huge representation compared to your back or legs!
This organization is depicted as a homunculus, a distorted human figure showing which body parts get the most brain attention. Your fingers, lips, and tongue have enormous representation because they need precise control and sensation for tasks like texting, eating, and speaking.
Think About It: If you had to design a robot with human-like abilities, which body parts would you give the most sensors and controllers to?
Important fiber tracts connect different brain regions. The arcuate fasciculus links language areas, while the massive corpus callosum connects your left and right hemispheres. Damage to these connections can seriously disrupt communication between brain regions without damaging the regions themselves.
Brainstem and Spinal Cord
The brainstem consists of three main parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla. Think of it as your body's automatic pilot system. While you're busy thinking about your homework or friends, your brainstem quietly handles critical functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep cycles.
These processes happen without conscious effort, which is good because you'd be exhausted if you had to remember to breathe or keep your heart beating! The brainstem also controls other automatic functions like swallowing and vomiting to protect your body.
The spinal cord is your body's information superhighway. All signals traveling between your brain and body must pass through this vital structure. It carries ascending signals (information going up to the brain) and descending signals (commands going down to the body).
Cool Connection: Your spinal cord can handle some simple responses on its own through reflexes. When you touch something hot, your hand pulls away before your brain even processes what happened!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Neuroanatomy in Human Communication
The nervous system is a complex network that controls everything we do, from breathing to thinking. It's divided into two main parts: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Understanding how these parts work together helps... Show more
Nervous System Divisions and Structure
Your nervous system has two main parts that work together like a complex computer network. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all nerves outside your brain and spinal cord—cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral sensors that collect information from your environment.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is your body's command center, consisting of your brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. These structures process information and send out instructions to your body.
The PNS connects to specific body regions in organized patterns. Myotomes are muscle regions controlled by a single motor nerve root, while dermatomes are skin areas served by a single sensory nerve root. This organization helps doctors pinpoint injury locations when you lose sensation or movement in specific areas.
Did You Know? Your brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid acts like a cushion, protecting your brain from bumping against your skull when you move.
Your brain has two hemispheres with different specialties. The left side handles language, math, and logic, while the right side processes spatial relationships, music, and faces. Your brain is also divided into lobes: frontal (attention and movement), parietal (body sensations), occipital (vision), temporal (hearing), and limbic (emotions and impulse control).
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Brain Functions and Organization
Your brain contains specialized regions for different functions, much like departments in a school. The motor cortex controls your voluntary movements, while the somatosensory cortex processes body sensations. Language is handled by Broca's area (speaking) and Wernicke's area (understanding).
The brain organizes body connections in a fascinating way called somatotopic organization. This means specific brain areas control specific body parts, creating a complete body map in your brain. Some parts get more brain real estate than others—your hands and face have huge representation compared to your back or legs!
This organization is depicted as a homunculus, a distorted human figure showing which body parts get the most brain attention. Your fingers, lips, and tongue have enormous representation because they need precise control and sensation for tasks like texting, eating, and speaking.
Think About It: If you had to design a robot with human-like abilities, which body parts would you give the most sensors and controllers to?
Important fiber tracts connect different brain regions. The arcuate fasciculus links language areas, while the massive corpus callosum connects your left and right hemispheres. Damage to these connections can seriously disrupt communication between brain regions without damaging the regions themselves.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Brainstem and Spinal Cord
The brainstem consists of three main parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla. Think of it as your body's automatic pilot system. While you're busy thinking about your homework or friends, your brainstem quietly handles critical functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep cycles.
These processes happen without conscious effort, which is good because you'd be exhausted if you had to remember to breathe or keep your heart beating! The brainstem also controls other automatic functions like swallowing and vomiting to protect your body.
The spinal cord is your body's information superhighway. All signals traveling between your brain and body must pass through this vital structure. It carries ascending signals (information going up to the brain) and descending signals (commands going down to the body).
Cool Connection: Your spinal cord can handle some simple responses on its own through reflexes. When you touch something hot, your hand pulls away before your brain even processes what happened!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user