Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
History
Nov 25, 2025
603
3 pages
Evelyn Ridley @ev_alice
Medieval crime and punishment through the ages: From harsh retribution to modern reform
• This comprehensive guide covers... Show more
The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed significant changes in crime and punishment, with a gradual shift towards more organized law enforcement and evolving punishment methods.
Town constables and night watchmen emerged as early forms of professional law enforcement, overseeing local areas and patrolling at night.
Vocabulary Night Watchmen worked under the town constable, patrolling local areas between 10 pm and dawn.
This period saw the rise of specific crimes like highway robbery and smuggling, reflecting the economic and social conditions of the time.
The concept of martyrdom gained prominence, particularly in cases of religious or political persecution.
Definition A martyr is a person who suffers for their beliefs and is often admired for their conviction.
Prison conditions became a focus of reform, with the introduction of concepts like hard labour and attempts at rehabilitation.
Example The treadwheel was an example of hard, often inhumane work used in prisons during this period.
Significant developments in law enforcement occurred, notably the establishment of the metropolitan police by Robert Peel in 1829.
Highlight Robert Peel, who served as Prime Minister twice, is credited with setting up the metropolitan police in 1829, marking a major step in modern policing.
Social issues like poor relief and public health conditions (sanitation) began to be recognized as factors influencing crime and social order.
The modern era has seen a continued evolution in approaches to crime and punishment, with a greater focus on social factors, human rights, and rehabilitation.
Political and social movements have significantly influenced criminal justice perspectives.
Vocabulary Anarchy is a political movement that opposes all forms of organized government, while socialism advocates for government control of industries and services to benefit the poor.
The concept of hate crimes has emerged, recognizing offenses motivated by prejudice against specific groups.
Definition A hate crime is motivated by prejudice against the victim's race, gender, disability, or sexual orientation.
Legal innovations like injunctions have provided new tools for crime prevention and victim protection.
Example An injunction is a court order that forbids a particular action or behavior, often used in cases of harassment or domestic violence.
The justice system has increasingly recognized factors that may affect criminal responsibility, such as mental illness.
Highlight The concept of diminished responsibility acknowledges that some individuals may not be fully in control of their actions due to factors like mental illness.
Overall, the modern era has seen a shift towards more liberal and rehabilitative approaches to crime and punishment, with a focus on addressing root causes and promoting social justice.
Quote "Rehabilitation involves helping someone return to normal life, reflecting a shift from purely punitive approaches to crime."
The Medieval and Early Modern periods saw a range of unique approaches to crime and punishment, often characterized by harsh penalties and collective responsibility.
Vocabulary Tithings were groups of 10 males aged 12 and over who shared responsibility for local law enforcement.
Law enforcement during this time relied heavily on community involvement. The hue and cry system required local bystanders to assist in catching criminals, while parish constables served as unpaid, part-time law enforcement officers.
Example The introduction of parish constables in 1285 marked an early attempt at organized law enforcement.
Religious influence was significant in the justice system of this era. Concepts like sanctuary and benefit of clergy provided some protections for accused individuals.
Definition Sanctuary allowed accused individuals to seek protection in a church for up to 40 days.
Crimes such as heresy and treason were considered particularly serious, often resulting in severe punishments.
Highlight The "Bloody Code" exemplified the harsh attitude towards law-making, with 50 capital crimes established by 1688.
This period also saw the emergence of transportation as a form of punishment, sending convicts to colonies abroad.
Quote "Transportation involved being sent away from England to serve a period of punishment in a colony abroad."
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
13
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
topics covered: 1) International Organizations 2) Terrorism 3) Ethnic and Religious Conflict 4) Genocide 5) Impact of Science and Technology 6) Demographics and Population 7) Economic Globalization 8) Poverty and Disease
World/Global HistoryExplore the pivotal events and strategies of the Battle of Bannockburn (June 1314) that led to Scottish success against English forces. This revision guide covers key moments, leadership decisions, and battlefield tactics that shaped the outcome. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of this significant historical event.
HistoryExplore the complexities of the 1066 succession crisis in England, focusing on Edward the Confessor's lack of a direct heir and the resulting claims from Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, and Harald Hardrada. This essay examines the political dynamics, promises made, and the implications of Saxon customs on the rivalry for the throne. Ideal for Grade 8 students studying Anglo-Saxon and Norman England.
HistoryCollege
World/Global Historytopics covered: 1) Indian Independence 2) Decolonization in Africa 3) South Africa and Apartheid 4) Latin American Reform 5) Challenges in South America 6) Israel 7) Nationalism in the Middle East 8) Conflict in the Middle East
World/Global HistoryVocabulary terms defined in chapter 10 of world history
World/Global HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Evelyn Ridley
@ev_alice
Medieval crime and punishment through the ages: From harsh retribution to modern reform
• This comprehensive guide covers the evolution of crime and punishment from the Medieval period to the present day, highlighting key concepts, legal practices, and societal changes.... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed significant changes in crime and punishment, with a gradual shift towards more organized law enforcement and evolving punishment methods.
Town constables and night watchmen emerged as early forms of professional law enforcement, overseeing local areas and patrolling at night.
Vocabulary: Night Watchmen worked under the town constable, patrolling local areas between 10 pm and dawn.
This period saw the rise of specific crimes like highway robbery and smuggling, reflecting the economic and social conditions of the time.
The concept of martyrdom gained prominence, particularly in cases of religious or political persecution.
Definition: A martyr is a person who suffers for their beliefs and is often admired for their conviction.
Prison conditions became a focus of reform, with the introduction of concepts like hard labour and attempts at rehabilitation.
Example: The treadwheel was an example of hard, often inhumane work used in prisons during this period.
Significant developments in law enforcement occurred, notably the establishment of the metropolitan police by Robert Peel in 1829.
Highlight: Robert Peel, who served as Prime Minister twice, is credited with setting up the metropolitan police in 1829, marking a major step in modern policing.
Social issues like poor relief and public health conditions (sanitation) began to be recognized as factors influencing crime and social order.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The modern era has seen a continued evolution in approaches to crime and punishment, with a greater focus on social factors, human rights, and rehabilitation.
Political and social movements have significantly influenced criminal justice perspectives.
Vocabulary: Anarchy is a political movement that opposes all forms of organized government, while socialism advocates for government control of industries and services to benefit the poor.
The concept of hate crimes has emerged, recognizing offenses motivated by prejudice against specific groups.
Definition: A hate crime is motivated by prejudice against the victim's race, gender, disability, or sexual orientation.
Legal innovations like injunctions have provided new tools for crime prevention and victim protection.
Example: An injunction is a court order that forbids a particular action or behavior, often used in cases of harassment or domestic violence.
The justice system has increasingly recognized factors that may affect criminal responsibility, such as mental illness.
Highlight: The concept of diminished responsibility acknowledges that some individuals may not be fully in control of their actions due to factors like mental illness.
Overall, the modern era has seen a shift towards more liberal and rehabilitative approaches to crime and punishment, with a focus on addressing root causes and promoting social justice.
Quote: "Rehabilitation involves helping someone return to normal life, reflecting a shift from purely punitive approaches to crime."
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Medieval and Early Modern periods saw a range of unique approaches to crime and punishment, often characterized by harsh penalties and collective responsibility.
Vocabulary: Tithings were groups of 10 males aged 12 and over who shared responsibility for local law enforcement.
Law enforcement during this time relied heavily on community involvement. The hue and cry system required local bystanders to assist in catching criminals, while parish constables served as unpaid, part-time law enforcement officers.
Example: The introduction of parish constables in 1285 marked an early attempt at organized law enforcement.
Religious influence was significant in the justice system of this era. Concepts like sanctuary and benefit of clergy provided some protections for accused individuals.
Definition: Sanctuary allowed accused individuals to seek protection in a church for up to 40 days.
Crimes such as heresy and treason were considered particularly serious, often resulting in severe punishments.
Highlight: The "Bloody Code" exemplified the harsh attitude towards law-making, with 50 capital crimes established by 1688.
This period also saw the emergence of transportation as a form of punishment, sending convicts to colonies abroad.
Quote: "Transportation involved being sent away from England to serve a period of punishment in a colony abroad."
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
13
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
topics covered: 1) International Organizations 2) Terrorism 3) Ethnic and Religious Conflict 4) Genocide 5) Impact of Science and Technology 6) Demographics and Population 7) Economic Globalization 8) Poverty and Disease
World/Global HistoryExplore the pivotal events and strategies of the Battle of Bannockburn (June 1314) that led to Scottish success against English forces. This revision guide covers key moments, leadership decisions, and battlefield tactics that shaped the outcome. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of this significant historical event.
HistoryExplore the complexities of the 1066 succession crisis in England, focusing on Edward the Confessor's lack of a direct heir and the resulting claims from Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy, and Harald Hardrada. This essay examines the political dynamics, promises made, and the implications of Saxon customs on the rivalry for the throne. Ideal for Grade 8 students studying Anglo-Saxon and Norman England.
HistoryCollege
World/Global Historytopics covered: 1) Indian Independence 2) Decolonization in Africa 3) South Africa and Apartheid 4) Latin American Reform 5) Challenges in South America 6) Israel 7) Nationalism in the Middle East 8) Conflict in the Middle East
World/Global HistoryVocabulary terms defined in chapter 10 of world history
World/Global HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
