Alternative transcript:

name in an unattended voice ▸ NOVA | Inside NOVA: Change Blindness Seeing the world as it isn't I Daniel Simons | TEDXUIUC O Inattentional blindness: failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere Example - people watching video asked to focus on passing of ball missed young woman with umbrella (other - gorilla, clown) ● ● ● Magicians utilize o Change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment Divert attention to one hand so we ignore the other Example - people failing to notice construction worker switches when giving them directions Out of sight, out of mind Choice blindness • Example - swedish supermarket ppl test two jams but then label switched and they didn't notice when retesting striking stimuli • Example - angry face in crowd ■ O . Byproduct of what we are really good at - focusing attention on some part of our environment Transduction 16.3- What three steps are basic to all our sensory systems? o Sensory system convert one form of energy to another (vision → light energy, hearing- sound waves) Sense - ▪ . Popout Receive sensory stimulation Transform stimulation in neural impulses Deliver neural information to the brain o Transduction: conversion of one form of energy to another, in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells in neural impulses our brain can interpret o Psychophysics: the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them Thresholds 16.4 - What are the absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the absolute threshold have any influence on us? absolute thresholds O Very sensitive to some stimuli O Gustav fechner - studied awareness of faint stimuli (absolute thresholds) O Absolute threshold: the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time O Signal detection theory: a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise), assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation and alertness Hits to false alarms Why people respond differently to same stimuli/ why peoples reactions change Subliminal: below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness O Can be affected by stimuli so weak we don't consciously notice them o Priming: the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response O Light, sounds, pressure, taste, odor 50-50 point . Difference thresholds Need absolute thresholds low enough to allow us to detect important sights, sounds, textures, tastes and smells (and small differences among stimuli) ■ Example - flashed positive images and negative images and then showed picture - people in picture seemed happier or negative according to pic Can be detected by brain scanning Much of our information processing occurs automatically, out of sight, off the radar screen of our conscious mind. ▪ Difference threshold: the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd) Threshold increases with size of stimulus ● Weber's law: the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) ● Exact proportion varies based on stimulus ● Sensory adaptation ● 16.5 - What is the function of sensory adaptation? O Sensory adaptation : diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Nerve cells fire less frequently Not eyes bc eyes are always moving ● If they didn't, images would disappear and reappear fragmented Allows freedom to focus on informative changes in our environment Alert to novelty O We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it o Explains art of tv attention grabbing O Influences perception of emotions Flip It Video: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing • Why is this important? o Help us distinguish between the role of sensation and perception Bottom-up processing occurs when we are unfamiliar with an environment or situation • Bottom-up relies on sensation over perception ● Less likely to make error in judgment Top-down processing occurs when we bring our expectations and prior knowledge to an environment or situation Flip It Video: Signal Detection Theory Why is this important? O Absolute threshold: the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time Single drop of perfume in a three-room apartment o Signal detection theory: predicts when we will see, hear, smell, taste, or otherwise identify a weak signal May be influenced by physiology, experience, or expectations • Defining the terms • Top-down relies on perception over sensation More likely to make an error in judgment ■ O Hit: stimulus is present, it is identified Baby cries, mother hears O Miss : stimulus present, it is not identified Baby cries, siblings don't hear O False alarm: no stimulus present, but it is identified Baby doesn't cry, mother hears O Correct rejection: no stimulus present, not identified No cry, no mom • Signal detection theory ● Module 17 Influences on Perception ● Perceptual Set 17.1 - How do our expectations, contexts, emotions and motivation influence our perceptions? O Perceptual set: a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another Experience gives expectations Ex. picture of young/old woman Ex. newspaper with loch ness monster but its just a branch :( Once we form wrong idea, harder to see truth ● ● ● O ● O Stimulus gets stronger, ability to detect stimulus increases O ■ . Can affect what we hear/taste Ex. pilots (say cheer up, hear gear up) Ex. beer good until you know vinegar has been added Ex. children think fries in mcdonalds bag taste better What determines perceptual set? Experience forms concepts (schemas) allow interpretation of unfamiliar information Ex. color stereotypes (pink→girl, blue boy) but all babies look the same Context Effects O Stimulus can trigger different perceptions bc of differing perceptual set and immediate context O Some examples on p. 165 Emotion and Motivation O Perceptions influenced top-down by emotion and motivation as well Ex. sad music make listener perceive mourning instead of morning Ex. softball appears bigger when hitting well Ex. hill appears smaller with friend or bigger with heavy backpack Ex. thirsty- water appears closer → ESP - perception without sensation/ 17.2 - What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists concluded after putting these claims to the test? o Extrasensory perception (ESP): the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition Telepathy - mind to mind communication O o Parapsychology: the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis o Psychics haven't been accurate in predicting global events O Dreams really don't predict anything either, they just seem to because of coincidence and interpretation after the fact • Putting ESP to experimental test ● ● O O Module 18 : Vision 18.1 - what is the energy that we see as visible light, and how does the eye transform light energy into neural messages? The stimulus input - light energy O Visible light is just thin slice of the whole spectrum of electromagnetic energy O Other organisms are sensitive to different portions of the spectrum - bees can't see red O Two characteristics of light help determine sensory experience of them Clairvoyance -perceiving remote events, such as a house on fire in another state Precognition - perceiving future events, such as an unexpected death in the next month ESP being real would overturn scientific understanding that we are creatures whose minds are tied to our physical brains The eye Need to make testable experiment for ESP No one has been able to prove ESP Issues with replication O ▪ Wavelength: the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission Determines hue ● Hue: the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green and so forth Intensity: the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude O Light enters through cornea Then pupil Cornea protects eye and bends light to provide focus Pupil : the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters o Surrounding pupil - iris ● O Iris : a rind of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening dilates/constricts in response to light intensity or inner emotions Behind pupil - lens The Retina Lens: the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina Retina: the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information Doesn't see a whole image, millions of receptor cells convert particles of light energy into neural impulses and forward those to brain Brain reassembles image Accommodation: the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina ● ● O Eye's receptor cells Rods: retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond Cones: retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations Light energy triggers chemical changes that spark neural signals ● Activates bipolar cells Bipolar cells activate ganglion cells (axons twin together like rope to form optic nerve) ● Optic nerve: the nerve that carries neural impulses to the brain ● ● ● Can send nearly 1 mill messages at once through nearly 1 mill ganglion fibers ● Small price - Blind spot: the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there Rods and cones do different things in different areas Cones Cluster around fovea ● O ● Visual Information processing ● 18.2 - how do the eye and the brain process visual information? Feature Detection O ● ● Rods O Entry level → info processing begins in retina's neural layers Encode and analyze sensory information O Then to bipolar cells, then ganglion cells, then optic nerve Can misfire O I I O Fovea : the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster Many have hotline to brain Each transmits to one bipolar cell that relays the cone's individual message to visual cortex Direct connection preserve cone's information, accounting for fine detail Detail and color ● Share bipolar cells with other rods, combined messages ● Dominate outer regions of retina • Faint light O David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel Feature detectors: nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle or movement Ex. look left close eyes rub right eye see light on left because of pressure Specialized neurons in occipital lobe's visual cortex Info from ganglion cells Cells pass info to other cortical areas Supercell clusters respond to more complex patterns O When researchers temporarily disrupt the brain's face-processing areas with magnetic pulses, people are unable to recognize faces Can recognize houses Brain activity is very specific Vast visual encyclopedia Cells respond to one type of stimulus ● Gaze, head angle, posture or body movement Instant analysis (helped ancestors survival) ● Parallel processing Parallel processing the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision, contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving ● O ■ ▪ Many things at once Ex. analyze a visual scene → brain divides into subdivisions (motion, form, depth, color) and works on each at same time, integrate separate but parallel work Ex. recognize a face ● Brain integrates info projected by retinas and compares with stored info • Requires mucho brain power o Destroying neural workstation strange effects Color Vision ● 18.3 - what theories help us understand color vision? O Color resides in brain, not in objects Tomato is not red! Ex. can't perceive movement - why is everyone teleporting? Ex. blindsight ■ O Most people see many color variations, but 1 in 50 person vision is color deficient O Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory: the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color Retina has three types of color receptors Not colorblind, just lack functioning red or green sensitive cones (or both) • Like dogs! Afterimages and opponent color o Opponent-process theory: the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision, for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green O Two stages of color processing Young-helmholtz trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory Flip It Video: Rods and Cones in the Retina Cornea ● • Pupil ● O ● Lens ● ● o Adjustable opening, black O Controlled by iris, muscle o Transparent, changes shape and focuses image to back of eyeball Retina Clear, protects eye o Receptor cells and rods and cones Rods o o Cones Receptor cells that detect balck, white and gray Peripheral and night vision O Receptor cells that detect color and fine detail O Cluster around the fovea Final thoughts O The retina's receptor cells (rods and cones) convert light energy into neural impulses O O Rods - black/white/gray - peripheral Cones color/fine detail - center Flip It Video: Feature Detectors Why is this important? O The visual processing centers in the brain are highly specialized Hubel and Wiesel (1979) discovered special cells called "featured detectors" These cells detect certain features in the environment ● Some horizontal lines ● Some vertical lies ● Some types of movement Supercell clusters then combine and process the information from the detectors Final thoughts O Work discovered feature detectors earned hubel and wiesel the nobel prize Understand the each cell in the brain is important Processing occurs not only with whole objects, but aspects and parts of objects Module 19: Visual Organization and Interpretation ● Visual Organization ● 19.1 - How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization, and how do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions? O Gestalt: an organized whole, gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes German, means form or whole ▪ Example-necker cube nothing but eight circles with white lines, but we see a cube In perception, whole may exceed the sum of its parts • Unique form emerge from stimulus Fundamental truth - our brain does more than register information about the world ● Form Perception o Figure and ground ■ First perceptual task is to perceive object (figure) as distinct from its surroundings (ground) ● Example - voices at a party, one stands out; reading words, words are figure and paper is ground Figure-ground: the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) o Grouping Organize figure into meaningful form Grouping the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups • Proximity - group nearby features together • Continuity-perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones Closure fill in gaps to create a complete object ● Depth Perception ● 19.2 - How do we use binocular and monocular cues to perceive the world in three dimensions and perceive motion? o Depth perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance Partly innate Visual cliff: a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals O Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk Do toddlers draw back from cliffs? ● Infants refused to crawl over fake cliff ● ● O Binocular cues: depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes Ex. touch tips of pencil together with one eye vs with two Retinas get different images of the world Retinal disparity: the binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object ● Used to make 3D movies, two cameras placed some distance apart make retinal disparity with glasses, each eye only gets one view Monocular cues Monocular cues: depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either ● eye alone Relative height ● Relative size • Interposition ● Relative motion ● Linear perspective Light and shadow ● Motion perception O Brain computes motion based on its assumption that shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging are approaching Imperfect O To catch things, run to keep them at a constantly increasing angle of gaze - then collision O Continuous movement (stroboscopic movement) - rapid series of varying images Animation O Phi phenomenon: an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession • Perceptual Constancy ● 19.3 - How do perceptual constancies help us organize our sensations into meaningful perceptions? O Perceptual constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness and color) even as illumination and retinal images change O Color and brightness constancies O ■ ● Color not in objects, depends on objects context Color constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object ● Relative to objects surrounding it Brightness constancy (light constancy) - perceive an object as having constant brightness even when illumination varies • Depends on relative luminance - amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings Comparisons govern our perceptions Shape and size constancies Shape constancy - perceive form of familiar objects (door) as constant even while retinas receive changing images of them Due to visual cortex neurons Size constancy - we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies ● Ex. moon illusion and girls in room illusion • Perception is not a projection of the world onto our brain, senses are disassembled into information for brain then reassembled into functional model of the world Brain constructs perceptions Ex. assume car is large enough to carry people even when it seems small from far away Shows connection between perceived distance and size, each give cues to the other ● Visual Interpretation O o Applies to other senses ● Experience and Visual Perception 19.4 - What does research on restored vision, sensory restriction, and perceptual adaptation reveal about the effects of experience on perception? O Restored vision and sensory restriction William Molyneux - if a man is born blind and is taught by touch to distinguish between cube and sphere, if his sight is restored can he visually tell the difference? Experiments prove that figure-ground and color sense are innate but visual recognizing objects previously familiar by touch didn't happen Cat and monkey experiments ● ● ● ● Cortical cells didn't develop normal connections Animals were blind to shape Conclusion - experience guides, sustains and maintains the brain's neural organization as it forms the pathways that affect our perceptions No permanent harm Suggests critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development ● Nurture sculpts what nature endows O Perceptual adaptation • Grouping principles O Perceptual adaptation : in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field We can adapt to context to coordinate movements Flip It Video: Gestalt Psychology ● Gestalt- an organized whole Argued that the whole is different from the sum of its parts ● Historical significance O Structuralists in the late 1800s tried to figure out the elemental components of the mind O Gestalt psychologists believed you lost something important if you only considered the pieces and ignored the whole ● Necker cube O You perceive blue circles, white bars and a cube O None of those things are really there, only blue circle segments Figure and ground o Figure - stands out O Ground - everything else O Proximity - group things close together o Continuity, closure Flip It Video: Monocular Cues ● Monocular cues-depth cues available to either eye alone Relative height. - we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away O Relative motion as we move objects that are actually stable may appear to move Module 20: Hearing What are the characteristics of air pressure waves that we hear as sound, and how does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages? O Auditions: the sense or act of hearing ● O Relative size - if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as father away o Interposition - if one objects partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer O Linear perspective - parallel lines appear to converge to meet in the distance o Light and shadow - shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above ● O Best hear sounds with frequencies in a range corresponding to that of the human voice The stimulus input: sound waves o Jostling molecules of air create waves of compressed and expanded air O Ears detect brief air pressure changes Sensitive to faint sounds and variations in sounds Spoken word stimulates ear receptors, neurons extract essential features, compare with past experience, identify stimulus Hearing allows mind to mind communication/connection ■ Sound waves vary in shape Amplitude determines loudness Frequency determines pitch • Frequency: the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time ● Pitch: a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency • Long waves →→ low frequency, low pitch Short waves →→ high frequency, high pitch Sounds measured in decibels Decibel absolute threshold for hearing Every 10 decibels correspond to a tenfold increase in sound intensity ● The ear O Transformation of vibrating air into nerve impulses begins with outer ear O O O O O Outer ear channels waves through the auditory canal to eardrum (causes it to vibrate) Anvil, hammer and stirrup pick up vibrations and transmit them to cochlea Middle ear: the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window Causes ripples in basilar membrane, bends hair cells 16k hair cells Cilia are sensitive Hair cells trigger impulses in nerve cells Axons of cells form auditory nerve o Auditory nerve sends impulses to the auditory cortex of brain's temporal lobe O Sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness Vibrations cause cochlea membrane to vibrate, moving fluid in tube Cochlea: a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses ■ O Inner ear: the innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs O Conduction hearing loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea ■ O Cochlear implant: a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea Trigger awakening of the pertinent brain area Help children with oral communication Restore hearing for most adults If brain never learned how to process sound during childhood, not helpful Usually caused by biological changes (heredity, aging, prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise/music) Loud noises (above 100 decibels) can damage hair cells temporarily or permanently Rate of teen hearing loss has risen (especially teen boys) Earplugs or walk away yo • Perceiving loudness O Loudness determined from number of activated hair cells Hard of hearing prefer to have hearing compressed - harder to hear sounds are amplified • Perceiving pitch 20.2 What theories help us understand pitch perception? Place theory : in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated ● Herman von Helmholtz Doesn't explain low pitch sounds o Frequency theory: in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second, so how do we sense sounds with frequencies above 1000 waves per second? o Volley principle - neural cells can alternate firing, can achieved combined frequency above 1000 waves per second • Locating cells ● ● O ● 20.3 How do we locate sounds? O Best for balance ig Flip It Video: Theories of Hearing • Why is this important? O ● Placement of ears allows stereophonic (3D) hearing O Two distinct theories explain how we hear sounds ▪ One explains how we hear high-pitched sounds One explains how we hear low-pitched sounds • Frequency theory Place theory O Different pitches activate different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane o Explains how we hear high-pitched sounds O The whole basilar membrane vibrates at the frequency of the sound o Explains how we hear low pitched sounds Volley principle O Neurons alternate firing to process the highest pitch sounds Module 21: The Other Senses ● Touch 21.1 How do we sense touch? O Essential for development ● ● O O Many examples - p. 202 Sense of touch is mix of skin senses for pressure, warmth, cold and pain Different spots sensitive to different senses Other variations of senses Tickle Itching Wetness Hot O Brain is wise enough to be most sensitive to unexpected stimulation . Pain 21.2 - How can we best understand and control pain? o o O Without discomfort, joints fail from excess strain, unchecked infections and injuries accumulate Drawing attention to pain causes change in behavior Ppl born without pain experience severe injury or die O Chronic pain • Understanding pain O Women are more pain sensitive than men? O Individual pain sensitivity varies depending on genes, physiology, experience, attention and culture bottom up and top down processes Biological influences No one type of stimulus that triggers pain Different nociceptors - sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure or chemicals Gate-control theory: the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain, the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed y activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain ● Ronald melzack and patrick wall ● Based on fact that spinal cord contains small nerve fibers that conduct most pain signals Treat chronic pain by stimulating gate closing activity Brain to spinal cord messages can also close gate ● Pain can be affected by psychological and biological influences ● O ● senses o Psychological influences • Controlling pain ▪ O Brains can create pain Ex. phantom limb sensations Ex. tinnitus ● We feel see hear taste and smell with our brain, even without functioning Psychological effects of distraction on pain Ex. athletes focused on winning Edit memories with pain Socio-cultural influences ■ ● ■ ● O Treatable both physically and psychologically I O Record peak moment and pain at the end • Ppl prefer to lengthen discomfort and lessen intensity Colon exams O Taste ● 21.3 - how do we experience taste and smell? Varies with social situation and cultural traditions Perceive more pain when others experience pain Brain can mirror others pain when feeling empathy O Taste sensations sweet, salty, sour, bitter, um ami O Tastes attracted ancestors to energy/protein rich foods or told them not eat Seen in picky 2 to 6 year olds Repeated small tastes of disliked foods, children begin to accept Drugs, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training, thought distraction Placebo - fake pain-killing chemicals cause brain to release real ones Brain is in brain, distracting brain may bring relief Taste chemical sense Inside taste buds = taste receptor cells Some respond to sweet, some salty, sour, bitter, umami Reproduce themselves every week or two Oldertaste buds and taste sensitivity decrease ● Accelerated by smoking and alcohol ● ● Smell ● O O O O Olfaction - experiences of smell Chemical sense O ■ Receptor cells at top of nasal cavity Alert brain through axon fibers Bypass thalamus Human smell less acute than seeing/hearing Odor molecules detected by receptor proteins ■ • Expectations can influence taste ■ O Remarkable capacity to recognize long forgotten odors and their associated memories • Body position and movement 21.4 - How do we sense our body's position and movement? O Kinesthesia: the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts Enabled by sensors in joints, tendons and muscles Vestibular sense: the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance In inner ear Semicircular canals and vestibular sacs contain fluid that moves when head rotates or tilts Triggers receptors that enable you to sense body position and maintain balance O Mechanisms that normally give us an accurate experience of the world can, under special conditions, fool us • Sensory interactions O Attractiveness of smells depends on learned associations Often trigger combination of receptors Combination of olfactory receptors activate different neuron patterns ▪ 21.5 how do our senses interact? o Interpretation of world blends input of senses O Ex. smell changes perception of taste, texture changes taste o Sensory interaction: the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste O McGurk effect ba and da O Embodied cognition : in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements Synesthesia - one sort of sensation produces another Flip It Video: Theories of Pain • Why is this important? O ● Vision Major theories that explain pain Gate control theory Pain is a complicated process that involves both sensation and perception O Hearing Touch Sensory System Taste ■ Pain is carried on smaller fibers Other sensations are carried on larger fibers O Biopsychosocial theory Pain is interpreted through a variety of factors ● ● Pain is a complicated process that involves multiple influences Table 21.2- summarizing the senses Sensation son larger fibers can override the pain signals on the smaller fibers ● Biological genetics, gates in the spinal cord, etc. Psychological attention, prior experience, expectations Sociocultural - presence of others, empathy, cultural norms Source - Light waves striking the eye Sound waves striking the outer ear Receptors Chemical molecules in the mouth Rods and cones in the retina Cochlear hair cells in the inner ear Pressure, warmth, cold, pain on the Skin receptors detect pressure, skin warmth, cold, and pain Basic tongue receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami Smell Body position- kinesthesia Body movement- vestibular sense Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose Any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision Movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement Millions of receptors at top of nasal cavity Kinesthetic sensors all over the body Hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs