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18
0
E
Erica
2/6/2023
Psychology
The working memory model
756
•
Feb 6, 2023
•
Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch) for IB and A Level Psychology
1 / 2
Evaluation of the Working Memory Model
The working memory model has been subject to extensive research and evaluation, providing both support and areas for further investigation. This evaluation is crucial for understanding the model's strengths and weaknesses in explaining cognitive processes.
- Clinical Evidence: Shallice and Warrington studied patient KF, who had brain damage affecting his short-term memory abilities. KF showed poor STM ability for verbal information but could process visual information normally. This case study suggests that the phonological loop was damaged, while other areas remained intact.
Example: The KF case study in Psychology provides strong support for the separation of verbal and visual processing in working memory, as proposed by the model.
- Dual Task Performance: Baddeley et al. (1975) demonstrated that participants had more difficulty performing two visual tasks simultaneously compared to performing a visual and a verbal task at the same time. This finding supports the idea that different subsystems handle different types of information.
Highlight: The dual task performance studies provide evidence for the separate functioning of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop, supporting the working memory model's structure.
- Central Executive Clarity: Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive is the most important yet least understood component of the working memory model. This lack of clarity presents an area for further research and refinement of the model.
Vocabulary: The central executive in working memory is responsible for coordinating and allocating tasks to other subsystems, but its exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
- Word Length Effect: Studies by Baddeley et al. (1975) demonstrated that people find it harder to remember long words than short words. This phenomenon, known as the word length effect, supports the existence and functioning of the phonological loop.
Definition: The word length effect refers to the observation that short words are easier to remember than long words, providing evidence for the limited capacity of the phonological loop in the working memory model.
- Brain Scanning Studies: Braver et al. (1997) conducted brain scans on participants performing tasks involving the central executive. They found increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex as tasks became more challenging, providing neurological evidence for the model's components.
Highlight: Brain scanning studies offer neurological support for the working memory model, particularly in identifying brain regions associated with central executive functions.
These evaluations collectively provide strong support for the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch), while also highlighting areas for further research, particularly regarding the central executive's functions and the model's overall integration with other cognitive processes.
The Working Memory Model: Components and Functions
The working memory model is a crucial concept in cognitive psychology, developed by Baddeley and Hitch to explain how short-term memory is organized and functions. This model focuses on the active part of the mind responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information.
Definition: The working memory model is an explanation of how short-term memory is organized and how it functions, focusing on the part of the mind that is active when temporarily storing and manipulating information.
The model consists of four main components:
-
Central Executive: This component coordinates the activities of the three subsystems and allocates tasks.
-
Phonological Loop (PL): Processes auditory information using acoustic coding. It is divided into two parts:
- Phonological store: Stores words you hear
- Articulatory process: Acts like an inner voice and rehearses information (capacity believed to be 2 seconds)
-
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad : Processes visual and spatial information with a limited capacity of 3-4 objects. It is divided into:
- Visual cache: Stores visual data
- Inner scribe: Records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
-
Episodic Buffer: Brings together material from subsystems into one memory, with a limited capacity of around 4 chunks. It links working memory and long-term memory.
Highlight: The working memory model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how different types of information are processed and temporarily stored in the mind, making it a fundamental concept in IB Psychology and A Level Psychology curricula.
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Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch) for IB and A Level Psychology
The working memory model is a crucial concept in cognitive psychology that explains how short-term memory functions and processes information. This model, developed by Baddeley and Hitch, consists of four main components: the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad,... Show more
Evaluation of the Working Memory Model
The working memory model has been subject to extensive research and evaluation, providing both support and areas for further investigation. This evaluation is crucial for understanding the model's strengths and weaknesses in explaining cognitive processes.
- Clinical Evidence: Shallice and Warrington studied patient KF, who had brain damage affecting his short-term memory abilities. KF showed poor STM ability for verbal information but could process visual information normally. This case study suggests that the phonological loop was damaged, while other areas remained intact.
Example: The KF case study in Psychology provides strong support for the separation of verbal and visual processing in working memory, as proposed by the model.
- Dual Task Performance: Baddeley et al. (1975) demonstrated that participants had more difficulty performing two visual tasks simultaneously compared to performing a visual and a verbal task at the same time. This finding supports the idea that different subsystems handle different types of information.
Highlight: The dual task performance studies provide evidence for the separate functioning of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop, supporting the working memory model's structure.
- Central Executive Clarity: Cognitive psychologists suggest that the central executive is the most important yet least understood component of the working memory model. This lack of clarity presents an area for further research and refinement of the model.
Vocabulary: The central executive in working memory is responsible for coordinating and allocating tasks to other subsystems, but its exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
- Word Length Effect: Studies by Baddeley et al. (1975) demonstrated that people find it harder to remember long words than short words. This phenomenon, known as the word length effect, supports the existence and functioning of the phonological loop.
Definition: The word length effect refers to the observation that short words are easier to remember than long words, providing evidence for the limited capacity of the phonological loop in the working memory model.
- Brain Scanning Studies: Braver et al. (1997) conducted brain scans on participants performing tasks involving the central executive. They found increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex as tasks became more challenging, providing neurological evidence for the model's components.
Highlight: Brain scanning studies offer neurological support for the working memory model, particularly in identifying brain regions associated with central executive functions.
These evaluations collectively provide strong support for the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch), while also highlighting areas for further research, particularly regarding the central executive's functions and the model's overall integration with other cognitive processes.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Working Memory Model: Components and Functions
The working memory model is a crucial concept in cognitive psychology, developed by Baddeley and Hitch to explain how short-term memory is organized and functions. This model focuses on the active part of the mind responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information.
Definition: The working memory model is an explanation of how short-term memory is organized and how it functions, focusing on the part of the mind that is active when temporarily storing and manipulating information.
The model consists of four main components:
-
Central Executive: This component coordinates the activities of the three subsystems and allocates tasks.
-
Phonological Loop (PL): Processes auditory information using acoustic coding. It is divided into two parts:
- Phonological store: Stores words you hear
- Articulatory process: Acts like an inner voice and rehearses information (capacity believed to be 2 seconds)
-
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad : Processes visual and spatial information with a limited capacity of 3-4 objects. It is divided into:
- Visual cache: Stores visual data
- Inner scribe: Records the arrangement of objects in the visual field
-
Episodic Buffer: Brings together material from subsystems into one memory, with a limited capacity of around 4 chunks. It links working memory and long-term memory.
Highlight: The working memory model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how different types of information are processed and temporarily stored in the mind, making it a fundamental concept in IB Psychology and A Level Psychology curricula.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user