Thermal Energy and States of Matter
The second page delves into thermal energy concepts and the various states of matter, including detailed explanations of phase transitions and calorimetry calculations.
Definition: Calorimetry measures heat transfer using the equation q = mcpΔT, where m is mass, cp is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is temperature change.
Highlight: The three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) are distinguished by their particle arrangements and behavior:
- Solids have definite shape and volume with tightly packed particles
- Liquids have indefinite shape but definite volume with close but mobile particles
- Gases have indefinite shape and volume with widely separated particles
Vocabulary: Phase transitions include:
- Melting/fusion (solid to liquid)
- Evaporation/vaporization (liquid to gas)
- Sublimation (solid directly to gas)
- Deposition (gas directly to solid)
- Condensation (gas to liquid)
Example: Water (H₂O) demonstrates various phase changes, while dry ice (CO₂) exhibits sublimation at room temperature.
