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Earth and Space Science
Oct 7, 2025
816
4 pages
Michelle Ho @michelleho_uzjs
The rock cycle process in geologyis a continuous transformation of rocks through various geological processes. This cycle... Show more
The Earth is composed of several distinct layers, each with unique properties and compositions. Understanding these layers is crucial for comprehending the Earth's structure and geological processes.
Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, divided into the upper and lower crust.
Definition The upper crust, also known as the lithosphere, is the very surface of the Earth and consists of solid matter.
Highlight The ocean crust is made of basalt, while the continental crust is primarily composed of granite.
Mantle
The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth, located between the crust and the core.
Vocabulary The lower crust and upper mantle together form the asthenosphere.
Core
The core is divided into the outer core and inner core.
Definition The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid, both primarily composed of iron and nickel.
Temperature Gradient
The temperature increases dramatically as you move from the Earth's surface towards the core.
Example The temperature ranges from 870°C at the surface to 7,000°C in the inner core.
Composition
Each layer has a distinct composition of elements.
Highlight The layers are arranged by density, with heavier elements like iron and nickel concentrated in the core, while lighter elements remain near the surface.
Understanding the layers of the Earth is essential for comprehending various geological phenomena, including plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the rock cycle process in geology.
Plate boundaries are areas where tectonic plates interact, leading to various geological phenomena. These interactions play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's surface and contributing to the rock cycle.
Divergent Boundaries
Divergent boundaries occur where plates move away from each other.
Definition Divergent boundaries create new crust and often form mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys on land.
Example The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a prime example of a divergent boundary in the ocean.
Convergent Boundaries
Convergent boundaries are where plates move toward each other.
Highlight When plates converge, mountains often form, and older crust is consumed.
Example The collision of the Indian and Asian plates created the Himalayan Mountain Range.
Subduction Zones
Subduction is a special type of convergent boundary where one plate slides under another.
Definition Subduction occurs between two oceanic plates or an oceanic and a continental plate.
Highlight Subduction zones are associated with deep ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
Understanding plate boundaries and their interactions is crucial for comprehending the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, as well as the overall rock cycle process in geology. These tectonic activities contribute to the constant reshaping of the Earth's crust and the creation of diverse geological features.
The rock cycle is a fundamental concept in geology that explains the continuous transformation of rocks over millions of years. This process involves the formation, breakdown, and reformation of three main types of rocks igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form when hot molten rock solidifies, either below the Earth's surface or after volcanic eruptions. These rocks are very common in the Earth's crust.
Example Granite and basalt are common igneous rocks. Granite can become very old, while basalt is the most common volcanic rock.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded pieces of other rocks and the remains of plants and animals. These fragments accumulate in low areas and are compressed into new rocks.
Highlight Fossils are often found in sedimentary rocks, which can be seen in layers called strata.
Example Sandstone is formed from mud and sand, while limestone is made from seashells, diatoms, and calcium-filled water.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are created from existing sedimentary or igneous rocks that are transformed by heat, pressure, or the intrusion of fluids.
Example Marble is metamorphosed limestone, quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone, and gneiss sometimes begins as granite.
Vocabulary Subduction - When tectonic forces draw rocks deep beneath the Earth's surface, contributing to metamorphic rock formation.
The rock cycle diagram illustrates how these rock types can morph back into each other through various geological processes, including weathering, erosion, melting, and compaction.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
101
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
What are earthquakes and what causes them to happen?
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about motion, work, energy and power and fluids motion.
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the earth's interior, earth's composition and earth's mechanism.
Earth and Space SciencePlate of boundaries
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the atmosphere, layers of the atmosphere, climate and weather, hydrosphere, lithosphere and theories about changes in the earth's atmosphere.
Earth and Space ScienceThis tackles the continental drift theory and the Evidences for continental drift theory.
Earth and Space ScienceApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Earth and Space Science
Oct 7, 2025
816
4 pages
Michelle Ho @michelleho_uzjs
The rock cycle process in geology is a continuous transformation of rocks through various geological processes. This cycle involves the formation, breakdown, and reformation of three main types of rocks... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Earth is composed of several distinct layers, each with unique properties and compositions. Understanding these layers is crucial for comprehending the Earth's structure and geological processes.
Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, divided into the upper and lower crust.
Definition The upper crust, also known as the lithosphere, is the very surface of the Earth and consists of solid matter.
Highlight The ocean crust is made of basalt, while the continental crust is primarily composed of granite.
Mantle
The mantle is the largest layer of the Earth, located between the crust and the core.
Vocabulary The lower crust and upper mantle together form the asthenosphere.
Core
The core is divided into the outer core and inner core.
Definition The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid, both primarily composed of iron and nickel.
Temperature Gradient
The temperature increases dramatically as you move from the Earth's surface towards the core.
Example The temperature ranges from 870°C at the surface to 7,000°C in the inner core.
Composition
Each layer has a distinct composition of elements.
Highlight The layers are arranged by density, with heavier elements like iron and nickel concentrated in the core, while lighter elements remain near the surface.
Understanding the layers of the Earth is essential for comprehending various geological phenomena, including plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the rock cycle process in geology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Plate boundaries are areas where tectonic plates interact, leading to various geological phenomena. These interactions play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's surface and contributing to the rock cycle.
Divergent Boundaries
Divergent boundaries occur where plates move away from each other.
Definition Divergent boundaries create new crust and often form mid-ocean ridges or rift valleys on land.
Example The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a prime example of a divergent boundary in the ocean.
Convergent Boundaries
Convergent boundaries are where plates move toward each other.
Highlight When plates converge, mountains often form, and older crust is consumed.
Example The collision of the Indian and Asian plates created the Himalayan Mountain Range.
Subduction Zones
Subduction is a special type of convergent boundary where one plate slides under another.
Definition Subduction occurs between two oceanic plates or an oceanic and a continental plate.
Highlight Subduction zones are associated with deep ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
Understanding plate boundaries and their interactions is crucial for comprehending the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, as well as the overall rock cycle process in geology. These tectonic activities contribute to the constant reshaping of the Earth's crust and the creation of diverse geological features.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The rock cycle is a fundamental concept in geology that explains the continuous transformation of rocks over millions of years. This process involves the formation, breakdown, and reformation of three main types of rocks igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form when hot molten rock solidifies, either below the Earth's surface or after volcanic eruptions. These rocks are very common in the Earth's crust.
Example Granite and basalt are common igneous rocks. Granite can become very old, while basalt is the most common volcanic rock.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded pieces of other rocks and the remains of plants and animals. These fragments accumulate in low areas and are compressed into new rocks.
Highlight Fossils are often found in sedimentary rocks, which can be seen in layers called strata.
Example Sandstone is formed from mud and sand, while limestone is made from seashells, diatoms, and calcium-filled water.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are created from existing sedimentary or igneous rocks that are transformed by heat, pressure, or the intrusion of fluids.
Example Marble is metamorphosed limestone, quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone, and gneiss sometimes begins as granite.
Vocabulary Subduction - When tectonic forces draw rocks deep beneath the Earth's surface, contributing to metamorphic rock formation.
The rock cycle diagram illustrates how these rock types can morph back into each other through various geological processes, including weathering, erosion, melting, and compaction.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
101
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
What are earthquakes and what causes them to happen?
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about motion, work, energy and power and fluids motion.
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the earth's interior, earth's composition and earth's mechanism.
Earth and Space SciencePlate of boundaries
Earth and Space ScienceThis talks about the atmosphere, layers of the atmosphere, climate and weather, hydrosphere, lithosphere and theories about changes in the earth's atmosphere.
Earth and Space ScienceThis tackles the continental drift theory and the Evidences for continental drift theory.
Earth and Space ScienceApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
