The fundamental debate of nature vs nurturein psychology explores... Show more
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Subjects
Careers
Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
Intro
Volume, Surface Area & Density
Distance & cordinate plance
Right Triangles & Trigonometry
Dilations
Congruent Triangles
Rotations & Reflections
2D & 3D Solids
Circles
Overview
Congruence
Similar & Congruent Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem
Tranformations & translations
Show all topics
298
•
Oct 14, 2022
•
revision guides
@revision
The fundamental debate of nature vs nurturein psychology explores... Show more
Memory formation involves three crucial stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. This process is fundamental to understanding how Psychology Past papers approach memory topics. The encoding stage transforms incoming information into a format the brain can store, while storage maintains this information over time.
Highlight: Memory retrieval can occur through two main methods: recall and recognition .
Shepard's 1967 study demonstrated the remarkable capacity of visual memory, showing participants could recognize previously seen images with nearly perfect accuracy after immediate testing, and still maintain 50% accuracy after four months. This research is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology past papers, as it illustrates the power of visual encoding.
The working memory model, developed by Baddeley and Hitch, expanded our understanding beyond the basic multi-store model. It explains how different components of memory work together to process and manipulate information actively, rather than just storing it passively. This model is especially important for understanding how we maintain information while performing complex cognitive tasks.
Example: When solving a math problem in your head, the central executive coordinates between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad , demonstrating working memory in action.
The study of memory in psychology has revealed fascinating insights about how our brains store and retrieve information. Peterson and Peterson's memory study demonstrated that short-term memory has a limited duration of about 18 seconds without rehearsal. Their groundbreaking research used trigrams to test memory decay.
Bahrick's 1975 study provided compelling evidence about long-term memory capabilities. When testing high school graduates' ability to recognize and recall classmates' faces and names, the research found that nature vs nurture psychology plays a role in memory formation. Recognition memory remained remarkably strong even after 45 years, with 80% accuracy, while recall dropped to 30%.
Definition: Memory recognition refers to the ability to identify previously encountered information when presented with it again, while recall involves retrieving information without external cues.
The multi-store model of memory, developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, explains how information moves through different memory systems. This model is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology A Level past papers, as it demonstrates how sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory work together.
This page details a replication of the classic Peterson and Peterson memory study, which aimed to demonstrate that information in short-term memory lasts only about 20 seconds without rehearsal.
Method:
Evaluation: The study had good control with standardized procedures, eliminating noise and other potential influences on memory. However, it lacked external validity due to the use of artificial stimuli that are not encountered in real-life situations.
Definition: The Brown-Peterson technique is a method used in memory research to prevent rehearsal of information by engaging participants in a distracting task.
Highlight: This study is significant in demonstrating the limited duration of short-term memory without active rehearsal, a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology.
This page describes Bahrick's 1975 study, which investigated people's ability to recall and recognize names and faces over extended periods, exploring the potential duration of long-term memory.
Method:
Findings:
Evaluation: The study has high ecological validity as it used real-life memories and tasks. However, a weakness is the inability to control for extraneous variables, such as participants potentially practicing or recalling these names over the years.
Highlight: This study demonstrates the remarkable durability of long-term memory, especially for recognition tasks, even after several decades.
Example: The difference between recall and recognition memory is clearly illustrated, with recognition memory showing much higher accuracy rates over time.
This page focuses on key concepts in early childhood development, particularly caregiver-infant interactions that form the basis of attachment.
Reciprocity :
Interactional Synchrony :
Vocabulary: Attachment refers to the emotional bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver, which is crucial for social and emotional development.
Highlight: These early interactions are fundamental in forming secure attachments and laying the groundwork for future social and emotional development.
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nature vs nurture in psychology, exploring how innate and environmental factors influence human development and behavior.
Nature refers to innate, genetic influences that may appear at any stage of life. The page highlights genetic explanations for conditions like schizophrenia, noting that monozygotic twins are more likely to both develop the disorder compared to dizygotic twins. Evolutionary explanations are also mentioned, such as Bowlby's theory that attachment is adaptive for survival and reproduction.
Nurture encompasses the social and physical environment and experiences that shape an individual. The page discusses behaviorist perspectives, including classical and operant conditioning in attachment formation. Social learning theory is also introduced, suggesting that while the urge to be aggressive may be biological, the expression of aggression is learned through reinforcement.
The document emphasizes that nature and nurture cannot be separated, using analogies like the length and width of a rectangle. It also introduces concepts like diathesis-stress, which proposes that a person's nature is only expressed under certain environmental conditions .
Highlight: The interplay between nature and nurture is complex, with genetic factors influencing environmental experiences and environmental factors affecting gene expression .
Example: The document mentions Maguire et al.'s study of spatial memory in taxi drivers as an example of how experience can affect brain structure .
Vocabulary: Epigenetics refers to material in each cell that acts as switches to turn genes on and off, which can be passed on to subsequent generations.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
revision guides
@revision
The fundamental debate of nature vs nurture in psychology explores how both genetic factors and environmental influences shape human development and behavior. This core concept remains central to understanding individual differences and psychological processes.
The nature vs nurture debateexamines... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Memory formation involves three crucial stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. This process is fundamental to understanding how Psychology Past papers approach memory topics. The encoding stage transforms incoming information into a format the brain can store, while storage maintains this information over time.
Highlight: Memory retrieval can occur through two main methods: recall and recognition .
Shepard's 1967 study demonstrated the remarkable capacity of visual memory, showing participants could recognize previously seen images with nearly perfect accuracy after immediate testing, and still maintain 50% accuracy after four months. This research is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology past papers, as it illustrates the power of visual encoding.
The working memory model, developed by Baddeley and Hitch, expanded our understanding beyond the basic multi-store model. It explains how different components of memory work together to process and manipulate information actively, rather than just storing it passively. This model is especially important for understanding how we maintain information while performing complex cognitive tasks.
Example: When solving a math problem in your head, the central executive coordinates between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad , demonstrating working memory in action.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The study of memory in psychology has revealed fascinating insights about how our brains store and retrieve information. Peterson and Peterson's memory study demonstrated that short-term memory has a limited duration of about 18 seconds without rehearsal. Their groundbreaking research used trigrams to test memory decay.
Bahrick's 1975 study provided compelling evidence about long-term memory capabilities. When testing high school graduates' ability to recognize and recall classmates' faces and names, the research found that nature vs nurture psychology plays a role in memory formation. Recognition memory remained remarkably strong even after 45 years, with 80% accuracy, while recall dropped to 30%.
Definition: Memory recognition refers to the ability to identify previously encountered information when presented with it again, while recall involves retrieving information without external cues.
The multi-store model of memory, developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, explains how information moves through different memory systems. This model is particularly relevant for students studying AQA Psychology A Level past papers, as it demonstrates how sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory work together.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page details a replication of the classic Peterson and Peterson memory study, which aimed to demonstrate that information in short-term memory lasts only about 20 seconds without rehearsal.
Method:
Evaluation: The study had good control with standardized procedures, eliminating noise and other potential influences on memory. However, it lacked external validity due to the use of artificial stimuli that are not encountered in real-life situations.
Definition: The Brown-Peterson technique is a method used in memory research to prevent rehearsal of information by engaging participants in a distracting task.
Highlight: This study is significant in demonstrating the limited duration of short-term memory without active rehearsal, a fundamental concept in cognitive psychology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page describes Bahrick's 1975 study, which investigated people's ability to recall and recognize names and faces over extended periods, exploring the potential duration of long-term memory.
Method:
Findings:
Evaluation: The study has high ecological validity as it used real-life memories and tasks. However, a weakness is the inability to control for extraneous variables, such as participants potentially practicing or recalling these names over the years.
Highlight: This study demonstrates the remarkable durability of long-term memory, especially for recognition tasks, even after several decades.
Example: The difference between recall and recognition memory is clearly illustrated, with recognition memory showing much higher accuracy rates over time.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on key concepts in early childhood development, particularly caregiver-infant interactions that form the basis of attachment.
Reciprocity :
Interactional Synchrony :
Vocabulary: Attachment refers to the emotional bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver, which is crucial for social and emotional development.
Highlight: These early interactions are fundamental in forming secure attachments and laying the groundwork for future social and emotional development.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of nature vs nurture in psychology, exploring how innate and environmental factors influence human development and behavior.
Nature refers to innate, genetic influences that may appear at any stage of life. The page highlights genetic explanations for conditions like schizophrenia, noting that monozygotic twins are more likely to both develop the disorder compared to dizygotic twins. Evolutionary explanations are also mentioned, such as Bowlby's theory that attachment is adaptive for survival and reproduction.
Nurture encompasses the social and physical environment and experiences that shape an individual. The page discusses behaviorist perspectives, including classical and operant conditioning in attachment formation. Social learning theory is also introduced, suggesting that while the urge to be aggressive may be biological, the expression of aggression is learned through reinforcement.
The document emphasizes that nature and nurture cannot be separated, using analogies like the length and width of a rectangle. It also introduces concepts like diathesis-stress, which proposes that a person's nature is only expressed under certain environmental conditions .
Highlight: The interplay between nature and nurture is complex, with genetic factors influencing environmental experiences and environmental factors affecting gene expression .
Example: The document mentions Maguire et al.'s study of spatial memory in taxi drivers as an example of how experience can affect brain structure .
Vocabulary: Epigenetics refers to material in each cell that acts as switches to turn genes on and off, which can be passed on to subsequent generations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user