Constitutional Framework and Power Distribution

The Constitution established a complex system of checks and balances between three governmental branches, representing a significant evolution from the Articles of Confederation.

Definition: Enumerated powers are specific powers explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution.

Example: The Great Compromise resolved representation issues by creating a bicameral Congress with population-based House representation and equal Senate representation for all states.

Key constitutional elements included:

• Separation of powers between branches
• System of checks and balances
• Compromise between large and small states

French and Indian War and Its Aftermath

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was a pivotal conflict that set the stage for the American Revolution. This war, fought between Britain and France over control of North American territories, had far-reaching consequences for the American colonies.

Highlight: The French and Indian War was a crucial turning point in American history, leading to significant changes in colonial relations with Britain.

The war began when both the French and British sought control over the Ohio River Valley. While the French were interested in the fur trade, the British colonists desired the land for farming. George Washington's attack on French forces marked the beginning of the conflict.

Example: The Ohio River Valley was a strategic location, valued by both the French for its fur trade potential and the British colonists for its fertile farmland.

The war concluded with the Peace of Paris in 1763, resulting in significant territorial changes:

• Britain gained control of Canada and Florida
• France lost all of its North American colonies
• The alliance system between Native Americans and the French collapsed

These outcomes had profound effects on the colonies:

1. Britain incurred substantial debt from the war
2. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was established to prevent westward expansion
3. Colonists began to question their relationship with Britain

Vocabulary: Salutary neglect refers to the British policy of loose control over colonial affairs, which colonists had grown accustomed to before the war.

The aftermath of the war led to increased tensions between Britain and the colonies, primarily due to new taxation policies and stricter enforcement of existing laws.

Quote: "No taxation without representation" became a rallying cry for colonists who felt unfairly taxed by the British Parliament.

Key acts and events that followed the war include:

• Grenville's Plan: Stricter enforcement of existing laws
• Quartering Act of 1765: Colonists required to house British soldiers
• Sugar Act: Taxes on imported goods
• Stamp Act of 1765: Taxes on legal documents and printed materials
• Currency Act: Restrictions on colonial paper currency

These measures sparked organized resistance among colonists, leading to the formation of groups like the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and the Stamp Act Congress in 1765.