A comprehensive guide to thermodynamics enthalpy and energy transfer,... Show more
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Jun 20, 2023
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Fun with Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Energy Transfer & Phase Changes!
Measuring Enthalpy and Advanced Thermodynamic Concepts
This page delves into methods for measuring enthalpy and explores advanced thermodynamic concepts such as entropy and Gibbs free energy.
The section begins by introducing calorimetry, the science of measuring heat. It explains that constant-pressure calorimetry is used to determine changes in enthalpy.
Highlight: In energy transfer questions, the energy released by a reaction equals the energy absorbed by the solution.
The text provides a key application for energy transfer calculations:
- For substances increasing in temperature: q = mcΔT
- For substances decreasing in temperature: -q = mcΔT
Example: To calculate ΔH from given energy released, divide the energy released by the number of moles. If energy is released, ΔH is negative.
The page then transitions to discussing entropy and Gibbs free energy. It defines spontaneous processes as those occurring without outside intervention and notes that thermodynamics does not predict the time taken for these processes.
Definition: Entropy is a measure of the dispersal of matter and energy, with Ssolid < Sliquid << Sgas.
The text introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics, stating that the universe's entropy increases from spontaneous processes. It then explains Gibbs free energy as a measure of spontaneity, where ΔG < 0 indicates a spontaneous process.
Vocabulary: Gibbs free energy is calculated as ΔG = ΔH - TΔS at constant temperature.
The page concludes by noting that when ΔG < 0, the process releases energy that can be used to drive other non-spontaneous processes, introducing the concept of coupled reactions.
Thermodynamics Fundamentals and Energy Transfer
This page introduces fundamental concepts in thermodynamics and explores energy transfer in chemical reactions and phase changes.
Vocabulary: Temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of particles, while heat is the transfer of energy due to temperature differences.
Definition: Enthalpy is a quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system, calculated as internal energy plus pressure-volume work.
The page explains the components of a thermodynamic system, including reactants, products, and surroundings. It emphasizes that energy can move between the system and surroundings but remains constant in the universe.
Highlight: At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy equals the energy flow as heat.
The text distinguishes between endothermic reactions, where heat is absorbed into the system, and exothermic reactions, where heat is released from the system. It notes that endothermic processes typically involve overcoming intermolecular forces, while exothermic processes involve forming them.
Example: In phase changes, transitions from higher to lower energy states are exothermic, while transitions to higher energy states are endothermic.
The page also covers thermodynamic calculations related to phase changes and temperature changes. It introduces concepts such as heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and specific heat capacity.
Definition: Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius, an intensive property that depends on the state of matter.
The document includes a heating curve diagram illustrating temperature changes and phase transitions, highlighting the relationship between heat added and temperature for different states of matter.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Fun with Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Energy Transfer & Phase Changes!
A comprehensive guide to thermodynamics enthalpy and energy transfer, covering specific heat capacity and calorimetry techniques, as well as exothermic and endothermic reactions in phase changes.
- Explores key concepts in thermodynamics, including temperature, heat transfer, and enthalpy... Show more
Measuring Enthalpy and Advanced Thermodynamic Concepts
This page delves into methods for measuring enthalpy and explores advanced thermodynamic concepts such as entropy and Gibbs free energy.
The section begins by introducing calorimetry, the science of measuring heat. It explains that constant-pressure calorimetry is used to determine changes in enthalpy.
Highlight: In energy transfer questions, the energy released by a reaction equals the energy absorbed by the solution.
The text provides a key application for energy transfer calculations:
- For substances increasing in temperature: q = mcΔT
- For substances decreasing in temperature: -q = mcΔT
Example: To calculate ΔH from given energy released, divide the energy released by the number of moles. If energy is released, ΔH is negative.
The page then transitions to discussing entropy and Gibbs free energy. It defines spontaneous processes as those occurring without outside intervention and notes that thermodynamics does not predict the time taken for these processes.
Definition: Entropy is a measure of the dispersal of matter and energy, with Ssolid < Sliquid << Sgas.
The text introduces the Second Law of Thermodynamics, stating that the universe's entropy increases from spontaneous processes. It then explains Gibbs free energy as a measure of spontaneity, where ΔG < 0 indicates a spontaneous process.
Vocabulary: Gibbs free energy is calculated as ΔG = ΔH - TΔS at constant temperature.
The page concludes by noting that when ΔG < 0, the process releases energy that can be used to drive other non-spontaneous processes, introducing the concept of coupled reactions.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Thermodynamics Fundamentals and Energy Transfer
This page introduces fundamental concepts in thermodynamics and explores energy transfer in chemical reactions and phase changes.
Vocabulary: Temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of particles, while heat is the transfer of energy due to temperature differences.
Definition: Enthalpy is a quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system, calculated as internal energy plus pressure-volume work.
The page explains the components of a thermodynamic system, including reactants, products, and surroundings. It emphasizes that energy can move between the system and surroundings but remains constant in the universe.
Highlight: At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy equals the energy flow as heat.
The text distinguishes between endothermic reactions, where heat is absorbed into the system, and exothermic reactions, where heat is released from the system. It notes that endothermic processes typically involve overcoming intermolecular forces, while exothermic processes involve forming them.
Example: In phase changes, transitions from higher to lower energy states are exothermic, while transitions to higher energy states are endothermic.
The page also covers thermodynamic calculations related to phase changes and temperature changes. It introduces concepts such as heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and specific heat capacity.
Definition: Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius, an intensive property that depends on the state of matter.
The document includes a heating curve diagram illustrating temperature changes and phase transitions, highlighting the relationship between heat added and temperature for different states of matter.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user