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10 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony for Kids: Misleading Info and More

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Theodora Li

7/25/2022

Psychology

Factors affecting EWT: Misleading information

10 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony for Kids: Misleading Info and More

Eyewitness testimony can be significantly influenced by misleading information, particularly through leading questions and post-event discussions. This summary explores key research and concepts related to these factors affecting eyewitness recall accuracy.

  • Leading questions can bias speed estimates in accident recall (Loftus & Palmer, 1974)
  • Post-event discussions lead to memory conformity and contamination (Gabbert et al., 2003)
  • Misleading information has less impact on central vs peripheral details (Sutherland & Hayne, 2001)
  • Findings have important implications for criminal justice system and interviewing practices
  • Limitations include artificial lab settings and potential demand characteristics
...

7/25/2022

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Psychology

512

Jul 25, 2022

1 page

10 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony for Kids: Misleading Info and More

Eyewitness testimony can be significantly influenced by misleading information, particularly through leading questions and post-event discussions. This summary explores key research and concepts related to these factors affecting eyewitness recall accuracy.

  • Leading questions can bias speed estimates in accident recall... Show more

Factors affecting EWT: Misleading information
KNOWLEDGE
RESEARCH ON LEADING QUESTIONS:
Procedure:
O Loftus and Palmer (1974) arranged 45 stu

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Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information

This page examines how misleading information, particularly through leading questions and post-event discussions, can impact the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. It presents key research findings and evaluates their implications and limitations.

Definition: Misleading information refers to incorrect information given to an eyewitness, usually after the event has occurred.

Research on Leading Questions

Loftus and Palmer 19741974 conducted a seminal study on the effects of leading questions:

  • 45 students watched film clips of car accidents and were asked questions about them
  • The critical question varied the verb used: "About how fast were the cars going when they hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contactedhit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted each other?"
  • Findings showed that the verb used influenced speed estimates, with "smashed" resulting in the highest mean estimate 40.5mph40.5 mph and "contacted" the lowest 31.8mph31.8 mph

Highlight: This study demonstrated that the wording of questions can significantly bias eyewitness recall of events.

Two explanations are proposed for this effect:

  1. Response-bias explanation: The wording only influences how participants choose to answer, not their actual memory
  2. Substitution explanation: The wording of the leading question actually changes participants' memory of the event

A follow-up experiment by Loftus and Palmer supported the substitution explanation, as participants who heard "smashed" were more likely to falsely report seeing broken glass.

Research on Post-Event Discussion

Gabbert et al. 20032003 investigated the impact of post-event discussions:

  • Participants in pairs watched videos of the same crime from different viewpoints
  • They discussed what they had seen before individually completing a recall test
  • 71% of participants mistakenly recalled aspects they hadn't actually seen, compared to 0% in a control group without discussion

Highlight: This study provides strong evidence for memory conformity, where witnesses incorporate information from others into their own memories.

Explanations for Post-Event Discussion Effects

  1. Memory contamination: Eyewitnesses combine misinformation from others with their own memories
  2. Memory conformity: Witnesses go along with each other for social approval or believing others are correct

Evaluation of Research

Strengths:

  • Real-world applications in the criminal justice system
  • Informs police interviewing techniques and use of expert witnesses in trials

Limitations:

  • Artificial lab settings may not reflect real-world eyewitness experiences
  • Potential demand characteristics in studies
  • Central details may be more resistant to misleading information Sutherland & Hayne, 2001
  • Some evidence challenges the extent of memory conformity Skagerberg & Wright, 2008

Example: In real-life situations, eyewitnesses may be more motivated to be accurate than research participants, potentially making their testimony more dependable than lab studies suggest.

This research highlights the importance of careful questioning techniques and the potential risks of witness contamination through post-event discussions in criminal investigations and legal proceedings.

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

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Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

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Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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