Darwin Disrupts the Churches

Charles Darwin's publication of "On the Origin of Species" in 1859 sent shockwaves through religious communities, challenging traditional Christian principles. This period is crucial for understanding the 1865 to 1898 APUSH timeline.

Quote: Darwin proposed the theory of evolution and "survival of the fittest," fundamentally altering scientific and religious discourse.

The conflict between Modernists and Fundamentalists emerged, with each group interpreting Darwin's ideas differently. This debate continues to influence American religious and scientific thought.

Mary Baker Eddy founded the Church of Christ, Scientist, preaching that Christianity could heal sicknesses. This movement represented one response to the challenges posed by scientific advancements.

The Lust for Learning

The late 19th century saw a significant expansion of educational opportunities in the United States. This period is essential for understanding the Urbanization and new immigration ap us history notes pdf.

Key developments included:

1. Growth of tax-supported elementary schools
2. Introduction of compulsory grade-school education starting in 1870
3. Spread of high schools in the 1880s and 1890s

Highlight: The illiteracy rate in the United States fell from 20% in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900, demonstrating the impact of these educational reforms.

Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People

Booker T. Washington emerged as a prominent figure in African American education during this period. His approach is crucial for understanding the Chapter 25 apush Notes Amsco.

Washington led a school at Tuskegee, Alabama, focusing on teaching black students useful trades to gain economic security. His approach worked around segregation rather than directly challenging it.

Vocabulary: The "Tuskegee Model" refers to Washington's educational philosophy, which emphasized practical skills and economic self-reliance for African Americans.

In contrast, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois demanded complete equality for blacks and disagreed with Washington's accommodationist approach. Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People $NAACP$, advocating for more direct challenges to racial discrimination.

The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

Post-secondary education expanded significantly during this period, shaping the America moves to the city 1865 1900 study guide pdf.

Key developments included:

1. The Morrill Act of 1862, providing land grants for state colleges
2. The Hatch Act of 1887, funding agricultural experiment stations
3. Donations from new millionaires to colleges
4. Increase in professional and technical schools

Example: The Library of Congress opened in 1897, symbolizing the nation's growing commitment to learning and research.

The Appeal of the Press

The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion of the newspaper industry, shaping public opinion and political discourse. This period is crucial for understanding the Chapter 25 American pageant quizlet.

Key developments included:

1. The invention of the Linotype in 1885, revolutionizing printing technology
2. The rise of sensationalism in journalism
3. The emergence of yellow journalism, popularized by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Definition: Yellow journalism refers to sensationalistic, exaggerated, or poorly researched newspaper articles, often used to increase circulation.

These changes in the media landscape had significant impacts on public discourse and political engagement.

Apostles of Reform

The late 19th century saw the emergence of influential social reformers and critics. This period is essential for understanding the Chapter 26 APUSH Notes.

Notable figures and works included:

1. The New York Nation magazine, which crusaded for civil reform
2. Henry George's "Progress and Poverty," which proposed a single 100% tax on real estate profits
3. Edward Bellamy's socialist novel "Looking Backward," which sold over a million copies

Highlight: These reformers and their works challenged existing social and economic structures, proposing radical solutions to the problems of urbanization and inequality.

The New Morality

The late 19th century saw significant shifts in sexual attitudes and gender roles, crucial for understanding the America moves to the city 1865 1900 study guide quizlet.

Key developments included:

1. Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin's advocacy for free love and feminism
2. Anthony Comstock's crusade against the new morality
3. Ongoing battles over sexual attitudes and women's place in society

Example: The work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who called on women to assert a larger role in society, exemplifies the changing attitudes towards gender during this period.

Families and Women in the City

Urbanization brought significant changes to family structures and women's roles, essential for understanding the Urbanization and immigration process of americanization.

Key trends included:

1. Increased stress on families and rising divorce rates
2. Fathers, mothers, and children entering the workforce
3. Declining birth rates and delayed marriages
4. Women gaining more independence

Highlight: Carrie Chapman Catt emerged as a prominent figure in the women's suffrage movement during this period.

Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform

The late 19th century saw a growing movement to prohibit alcohol consumption, alongside other social reform efforts. This period is crucial for understanding the APUSH Chapter 26.

Key developments included:

1. Increased liquor consumption during the Civil War
2. Formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869
3. Establishment of the Women's Christian Temperance Union $WCTU$ in 1874
4. Creation of the Anti-Saloon League in 1893

Highlight: These efforts culminated in the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, establishing national prohibition.

Other notable reform movements included:

1. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, founded in 1866
2. The American Red Cross, launched in 1881

Postwar Fiction, Lowbrow, and High

The post-Civil War period saw significant developments in American literature, reflecting broader social and cultural changes. This era is essential for understanding the American Pageant Chapter 26.

Key literary figures and trends included:

1. General Lewis Wallace's "Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ," which sought to combat Darwinian skepticism
2. Horatio Alger's juvenile fiction, which promoted morality and the "rags to riches" narrative
3. Poets such as Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and Sidney Lanier

Highlight: This period saw a transition from romanticism to realism in literature, reflecting the growing materialism of American society.

The works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman called for women to assert a larger role in society, reflecting the ongoing struggle for women's rights and social equality.

The Urban Frontier

The late 19th century saw a dramatic shift towards urbanization in America, driven by technological advancements and economic opportunities. Apush chapter 25 american pageant notes pdf highlight the key factors that contributed to this urban growth.

Skyscrapers and electric elevators revolutionized city architecture, allowing for vertical expansion. Louis Sullivan played a crucial role in popularizing skyscraper design. The rise of public transportation systems transformed Americans into commuters, facilitating urban sprawl.

Industrial jobs, engineering marvels, and the allure of city life drew rural populations to urban centers. Department stores emerged as symbols of the new consumer culture, though this shift also brought challenges like increased waste production.

Highlight: The rapid urbanization led to significant social issues, including rising crime rates, the proliferation of slums, and widespread poverty.

The New Immigration

The 1880s marked a significant shift in immigration patterns, with a new wave of immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe. This period is crucial for understanding the European immigration to America 1900s.

These new immigrants often arrived illiterate and impoverished, facing numerous challenges in their adopted homeland. Several factors contributed to this immigration wave:

1. Urbanization in Europe
2. The glorification of America compared to their home countries
3. Persecution of minorities in Europe

Definition: New immigrants apush definition refers to the wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in the United States between 1880 and 1920, distinct from earlier Northern and Western European immigrants.

Many of these immigrants struggled to preserve their traditional cultures while adapting to American life.

Narrowing the Welcome Mat

The influx of new immigrants sparked a nativist reaction among some Americans, leading to efforts to restrict immigration. This period is crucial for understanding the Immigration apush definition and its impact on American society.

Nativists feared cultural and ethnic changes, as well as the spread of dangerous ideologies. The American Protective Association $APA$, founded in 1887, urged voters to oppose Roman Catholic candidates.

Example: Congress enacted several pieces of legislation to restrict immigration, reflecting growing nativist sentiment.

Organized labor faced challenges in integrating immigrants into their movements, often struggling with issues of inclusion and representation.

Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

The shift towards urbanization posed significant challenges for traditional Protestant churches, while Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths gained followers through immigration.

Vocabulary: Urbanization apush definition refers to the process of population concentration in cities and the resulting social changes.

Dwight Lyman Moody emerged as an influential urban revivalist, adapting old-time religion to city life. The Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations also played a role in addressing urban spiritual needs.