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Dec 10, 2025
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DNA is the incredible molecule that carries all your genetic... Show more











DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid - don't worry if it sounds complicated! This molecule stores all the instructions your body needs to develop, survive, and reproduce.
Think of DNA as the instruction manual for building everything in your body. Without it, your cells wouldn't know what to do or how to function.

DNA is the molecule that stores all your genetic information. It's made up of tiny building blocks called nucleotides that connect together to form incredibly long chains.
Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. When millions of these nucleotides bond together, they create nucleic acids.
The sequence of nucleotides (shown as letters A, T, G, C) creates a code that your cells can read to build proteins and other important molecules.
Fun Fact: If you stretched out all the DNA from just one of your cells, it would be about 6 feet long!

DNA contains four different types of nucleotides that repeat in various patterns. Scientists often count how many of each type appear in a DNA sequence.
The pattern of these nucleotides is super important! It's like a secret code that tells your body how to build everything from your hair to your heart.
You can identify each nucleotide by its letter: A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), and C (cytosine). These letters always appear in specific pairs in DNA.

DNA contains special sections called genes that hold instructions for building proteins. These proteins do most of the work in your cells and make up body structures.
For example, one gene contains the instructions to make hemoglobin, the protein in your blood that carries oxygen. Different genes create different proteins for various jobs.
A chromosome is a tightly packaged structure containing DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in almost every cell, carrying around 20,000-25,000 genes total!
Remember This: A gene is just a section of DNA that contains instructions for one specific protein.

Each DNA nucleotide has three important parts that fit together like puzzle pieces. The first two parts are the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group.
The deoxyribose sugar is a five-carbon ring structure that forms the backbone of DNA. It connects to the phosphate group, which contains oxygen and phosphorus atoms.
These two parts are the same in all four types of nucleotides. The third part (the nitrogen base) is what makes each nucleotide different from the others.

The four different nucleotides in DNA are distinguished by their nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
While all nucleotides have the same sugar and phosphate parts, it's these nitrogen bases that make each one unique. Think of them as four different letters that spell out genetic instructions.
The nitrogen bases follow specific pairing rules: A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G. This consistent pairing is crucial for DNA to function properly!
Quick Tip: To remember base pairing, think "AT" like "AT home" and "CG" like "Cool Guys."

DNA's nucleotides follow strict pairing rules: Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G). This specific pairing is essential for DNA stability.
These pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are weak enough to be separated when needed but strong enough to keep DNA stable under normal conditions.
The human genome contains about 3 billion pairs of nucleotides! That's a lot of genetic information packed into every cell in your body.

In 1953, scientists James Watson and Francis Crick made a groundbreaking discovery - they figured out DNA's unique structure called the double helix.
The double helix looks like a twisted ladder. The sides of this ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules .
The rungs of the ladder are formed by pairs of nitrogen bases connecting the two strands. This twisted ladder structure allows DNA to store massive amounts of information in a compact form.
Did You Know? Rosalind Franklin's X-ray work was crucial to discovering the double helix structure, though she didn't always receive proper credit.

DNA's double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases. These bonds are relatively weak, which is actually important for DNA function.
The weak hydrogen bonds allow the DNA strands to separate easily during processes like replication and transcription. This separation is essential when the cell needs to access the genetic information.
Even though individual hydrogen bonds are weak, the large number of them along the DNA molecule makes the overall structure quite stable under normal conditions.

DNA replication is the amazing process your cells use to make copies of DNA. This happens during the S-stage of interphase, before a cell divides.
The first step in replication is preparation - the cell gathers all the necessary enzymes and building blocks needed to make a new DNA strand.
In step two, an enzyme called DNA helicase unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This creates a replication fork where new DNA can be built.
Think About It: Your body copies about 3 billion base pairs every time a cell divides, with remarkably few errors!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
C
@cnnotes
DNA is the incredible molecule that carries all your genetic information. It's like a special code that determines everything from your eye color to how tall you'll grow. Let's dive into what DNA is and how it works in your... Show more

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DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid - don't worry if it sounds complicated! This molecule stores all the instructions your body needs to develop, survive, and reproduce.
Think of DNA as the instruction manual for building everything in your body. Without it, your cells wouldn't know what to do or how to function.

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA is the molecule that stores all your genetic information. It's made up of tiny building blocks called nucleotides that connect together to form incredibly long chains.
Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. When millions of these nucleotides bond together, they create nucleic acids.
The sequence of nucleotides (shown as letters A, T, G, C) creates a code that your cells can read to build proteins and other important molecules.
Fun Fact: If you stretched out all the DNA from just one of your cells, it would be about 6 feet long!

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA contains four different types of nucleotides that repeat in various patterns. Scientists often count how many of each type appear in a DNA sequence.
The pattern of these nucleotides is super important! It's like a secret code that tells your body how to build everything from your hair to your heart.
You can identify each nucleotide by its letter: A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), and C (cytosine). These letters always appear in specific pairs in DNA.

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Improve your grades
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA contains special sections called genes that hold instructions for building proteins. These proteins do most of the work in your cells and make up body structures.
For example, one gene contains the instructions to make hemoglobin, the protein in your blood that carries oxygen. Different genes create different proteins for various jobs.
A chromosome is a tightly packaged structure containing DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in almost every cell, carrying around 20,000-25,000 genes total!
Remember This: A gene is just a section of DNA that contains instructions for one specific protein.

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Each DNA nucleotide has three important parts that fit together like puzzle pieces. The first two parts are the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group.
The deoxyribose sugar is a five-carbon ring structure that forms the backbone of DNA. It connects to the phosphate group, which contains oxygen and phosphorus atoms.
These two parts are the same in all four types of nucleotides. The third part (the nitrogen base) is what makes each nucleotide different from the others.

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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The four different nucleotides in DNA are distinguished by their nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
While all nucleotides have the same sugar and phosphate parts, it's these nitrogen bases that make each one unique. Think of them as four different letters that spell out genetic instructions.
The nitrogen bases follow specific pairing rules: A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G. This consistent pairing is crucial for DNA to function properly!
Quick Tip: To remember base pairing, think "AT" like "AT home" and "CG" like "Cool Guys."

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA's nucleotides follow strict pairing rules: Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G). This specific pairing is essential for DNA stability.
These pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are weak enough to be separated when needed but strong enough to keep DNA stable under normal conditions.
The human genome contains about 3 billion pairs of nucleotides! That's a lot of genetic information packed into every cell in your body.

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
In 1953, scientists James Watson and Francis Crick made a groundbreaking discovery - they figured out DNA's unique structure called the double helix.
The double helix looks like a twisted ladder. The sides of this ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules .
The rungs of the ladder are formed by pairs of nitrogen bases connecting the two strands. This twisted ladder structure allows DNA to store massive amounts of information in a compact form.
Did You Know? Rosalind Franklin's X-ray work was crucial to discovering the double helix structure, though she didn't always receive proper credit.

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DNA's double helix is held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases. These bonds are relatively weak, which is actually important for DNA function.
The weak hydrogen bonds allow the DNA strands to separate easily during processes like replication and transcription. This separation is essential when the cell needs to access the genetic information.
Even though individual hydrogen bonds are weak, the large number of them along the DNA molecule makes the overall structure quite stable under normal conditions.

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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA replication is the amazing process your cells use to make copies of DNA. This happens during the S-stage of interphase, before a cell divides.
The first step in replication is preparation - the cell gathers all the necessary enzymes and building blocks needed to make a new DNA strand.
In step two, an enzyme called DNA helicase unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This creates a replication fork where new DNA can be built.
Think About It: Your body copies about 3 billion base pairs every time a cell divides, with remarkably few errors!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Notes detailing the basics of chromosomes in genetics and biology.
These notes review the process of Mitosis and what the result is
Biology - learn about, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, meiosis I and II, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, zygote, cytokinesis, genetic variation, adaptation, mitosis vs meiosis, haploid, diploid.
Bio notes
Covers the phases of cell division, the structure of cells, mitosis, meiosis, their comparison , and cross-over.
Four stages of the cell cycle, cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the topics discussed here.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user