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synap tic Vesicle contain. ing neuro- transmitterk (9.2 chave neurotrans- mitter receptor synapse neatons -pre-sy- naptic neuron %8 synapse Definition A Junction between two nerve cells consisting of a minute gap which impulser pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter is called neuron 00 00 00 00 ↓↓ Nat post synaptic synapse neurotransmitter receptor пртенее membrane Fusion synapse across Keep it up CS CamScanner CS CamScanner carnea pupil iris lens Anterior Chamber suspenry tent uitreous vitreous body. Structure corned iris lens retina optic nerve Reting choroid loptic nerve GBlind spot receptor comes ~ Coloviblird pupil cor neu Tens Function Refracts light - bends as it enters eye controls how much light enters the pupi light on to the reting focuses contains light receptors. carnes impulses between eye and brai CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj: obj.. 20th september/aa what are harmones keywords end crine system Glands " exochne chemicats ecco Identify specific endocrine glands and their Endocrine systern, Hormone L chemical supstance produced by a gland bloodstream which alters the activity of example release of halmone adpenaline by (fight or flight hormore) once hormone is used, it's destroyed by liver secreated 6000.00 chemical produced by gland > Exocrine har a duct outside endocrine glands do not -inside hot mores ↓ proteins endocrine thyroid gland fats mood A metabolism controls hypothalamul when blood passes. secretions carried in the specific target organ adrenaline of land ADH Anti di unitic hormone / controls water lovel thyroxine Growth mensturation → produces for growth and development basal metabolic rate blood sugar , it will be deleted CS CamScanner CS CamScanner ▸ > . . Hormone adrelanine ADH Insulin Gland Adrenal Gland oestrogen pituitary gland Pancreas glucagon pancreas ovaries testostrone testes Compare human Target organs vital organs ex.. liver and heart kidney controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys. Reduces blood glucose increases glucose level of blood. Controls puberty, increases thickness of uteres lining in menstrual cycle. male reproductive controls puberty in system males. liver and muscles liver ovaries, uterus, pituatary gland. nervous system. + Nervous system made up of neurons information transmitted in the form of electrical impulses impulses transmitted along nerve fibres (axons & dendrons) impulses travel very quickly effect of a nerve impulse for a usually only lasts very short time. Action prepares body for action and hormone system Endocrine system, made up of secretory cells. information transmilted in the form of chemicals called hormones chemicals Carred dissoved in blood plasma impuls chemicals travel more slowly effect of a hormone may last longer CS CamScanner CS CamScanner 1 obj:- . . . . 211 September /22 how to differenciate nervous system and endocrine system Keywords CNC PNS endocrine exocrine Types of signal transmission of signal effectors corrective Mechanism Types of witched off. response Speed of response. Duration of response insulin effects I increases Conversion Nervous system glucose electrical (chemical at synapses) by nerve cells (neurones) or secretion muscles or gland muscle contraction chemical change very rapid short (until nerve impulses stop) ADH effects 1 increases re absorbtion of water by collecting ducts. Adrenaline effects 1 increases breathing rate, flow of blood to muscles, conversion of glycogen to of glucose endocrine system chemical condition in by the blood- stream target cells body change slower condition returned to set point long (until hormone is broken into glycogen Change for glucose. detected. Corrective mechanism activated obji- CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj- To investigate the activity of catalase using the H₂O as 9 substrate > > > 1% NO. 1 2 3 No 1 • 2% catalase 2 3 LAB WORK. H₂0 catalase 2 H₂02 (cm3) 10cm 10cm 10cm 3 catalase concentration. time taken 16 8 १ + H₂O + 0₂ concentration #₂0₂ (cm) time taken 10cm 10 cm 10cm 8 5 8 • 5% catalase concentration NO H₂0₂ (cm3) time taken. 1 15 10cm 10cm 13 10am 12 catalase (c) .1% · 1% ・1%. catalase y. .2% .2% .2% Catalase y 5% .5% -5% 27th I'A sep 122 PROCEDURE!! soak filter paper disk in celery extract with different concentrations, (1/125) tuesday Add equal amounts of H₂₂0, to test tubes (10 ml). with the help of forceps, add the paper disk to the test tube. when the filler paper disk reaches the bottom, with the help of a stopwatch, monitor the time taken for the paper to reach the top. ! 2% Now repeat this process 3 times for All the different concentrations and find the average for each. SZ CS CamScanner CS CamScanner 28th september (22 bj. How human body maintains it's internal enviroment? Mechanism of action of AB Adrenalinet pinephrin keywords. vasoconstriction vasodilation Heart rate. Adrenaline Adrenal gland Epinephrine. What does the picture represent and how will you react during this situation? • shows a boy in panic, this is due to dd penaline hormone increasing the heart rate and sweating. Cortex secreates corticosteroid - metabolism of carbohydrater. medulla secreates adrenalin cortex Starter, medulla pelvis made -Adrenal gland target tissue & muscle, blood vessels. effects Wednesday blood vessel Escorte. geotex increases heart rate, dialates blood vessel CS CamScanner CS CamScanner NO L 2 Target organ Heart 5 Mechanism of adrenaline. Medulla breathing center of brain Effect beats faster, thumping of the heart. Faster and deeper breathing, panting increased oxygen supply and the removal of carbon dioxide. 3 Muscles in blood vessels constrict in our Peristalsis and digestion digestive sys. digestive tract to clow digestion slow down and more hollow feeling in stomach tenses there leading to a response 4 muscles of the body Arterioles of blood vesse is dialage in our the skin (blood misice, the person goes pale. capillanes) Advantage supplies 0₂ & glucose to muscles. energy for action ready for action Hess blood to the skin but more blood to the muscles. CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . 1 e " 28/9/22 Homeostasis 1 maintaining the internal enviroment of human body. vasodilation :- dilating blood vessel vasoconstriction: narrowing blood vessel Hypo-glycaemia!. low blood sugar Thermogulatory system!- controls temperature hyperglucaemia (diabeties: high blood sugar guicose :- main source of energy / helps in respiration glycogen: Stored form of sugar setpoint!- hormal range of values. hypothalamus;- regulates thermogulatory system glucagon - harmone that acts to increase blood sugar. insulin!. blood sugar hormone that lowers Pancreas)- produces insulin and glucagon. thermoregulation:- maintain temp osmoregulation. Maintain water. Hot vacodilation Sweating pilorelaxation streching out thermo regulation (skin) vasoconstriction Shivering pilo erection wednesday curling up Greattant Cold 2 CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj: how body maintain blood glucose level Key words Insuling, glucagon. Beta cells of pancreas rekase insutin stimulus: Eising blood glucose, blood glucose level rises to set point: stimulus for glucagon release diminishes insulin HIGH Islets of langenands Insulin ↓ extra glucose ↓ glycogen Stimulus (glucose level) releases Receptors Chypothalamus) ↓ effectors CPancreas) liver takes up glucose and stores as glycogen liver breakS down glycogen and glucose into the blood glucagon ↓ Breaks body takes up more glucose glycogen ↓ glucose ↓ Blood. Homeostasis glucose level LOW type I genetic 4th October | 2022 Hyperglycemic blood glucose level declines to a set point:- release stimulus for insulin → ∞ cells - glucagon B cells Secreate insulin 2 converts glucose to glycogen (extra) 7 120mg% Stimulus!- Removal of excess Alpha cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon DIABETIES. Hypoglycemic <80% mg G pancreas stop s producing insulin treated by injecting insulin type 2 L due to lifestyle La persons cell don't respond to insulin (resistant). La managed by eating a Controlled diet SYMPTOMS high thirst, frequent urination, poor vision, tiredness, irrational behaviour, heart rate ↑ CS CamScanner CS CamScanner 23 pairs Ls Diploid (2n) double set How do humans reproduce. male body cell hich. Peris (23) male game Foreskin iction in Bladder & pairs L> heploid (0) Lescrotum sperm duct new urethra Fertilization zygote (46) embryo humans glands testis Sepidydimis organism Female body female gamete (23) cell ashol tyesday male reproductive system. -sperm ducti- pathway for sperm transport to hp of penis, it joins urethra down bladder -prostate gland:. produces part of fluid component of semen. ·Epididyms: site of sperm storage -testis: cite of spem manufacture $ production of testosterone. -penis!- with erectile tissue can be Stiffened by filling blood and is used to deliver sperm. urethra: tube for semen & urine. CS CamScanner CS CamScanner LO: . . How different parts of female reproductive system helps in formation of egg. Keywords mynometrium bendometrium follicle Corpus luteum baby passes uterusk ttain needs vagina energy) sexual repro: -process involving fusion of nuclei of two gamates to form azygote and production offspring that are genetically enter Smid acro som (enzyme) mitochondrig (provide oviduct ovary energy) Rycervix through vagina through vacjina in birth. prece Different parts of female. ovary: site of egg development and oestrogen /progesterone oviducts eggs travel down this tube to uterus uterys. site of implantation of embryo and fetus development cervix:- sperm deposited hore during vagina s perms and xry 1.6 primary different. O cervix corpus regress 2. growing foliclé 6. corpus tetum ovary ↓ ovum inter course through the fallopian tubl oviduct folicular (ute uterus (cervix ↓ vagina 26/10/22 Los to Do 3-mature Foliett body and 5. Empty folide ovulation protecti toyer egg CS CamScanner CS CamScanner 8 How it is adapted to carry out it's function > the head contains genetic material for fer filgation in haploid the acrosome in the head contains enzymer so that ex spelm can > • penetrate 909. The middle pleco is packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and ferlilise the egg. fail enables spen to swoim Egg all → baploid nucleus cytoplasm contains nutrients for growth of embryo the haploid nucleus contains genetic material for fertilisation. by o single sperm cell membrane changes after fertilisation So that no more sperm can enter. game te Sperm Egg O n cytoplasm - cell membrane mitochondria > reason enables it to swim To digest through jelly conde cell membrane of an egg provide energy from respiration so that the flagellum can mole and forth for locomotion. → cytoplasm contering energy store provides energy for dividing zygote after fertilisation → Jelly like coating that forms an impenetrable changes after fertilisation baner after fertilisation to prevent other sperm enterin Adaptations of gametes feature has flagellum (tail) contains enzymes in head. region Cacro some) contains many mitochondrial back CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Advan / Disadvantage of sexual reproduction Advantages. ↳increases genetic variation ↳ Species can adapt to new en. viroment due to variation, giving them survival advantge Disease is less likely to affect population (dece to variation) • Dic advantages: takes time and energy to find makes is difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce. most crop plants reproduce sexualy and this is an advantage as it means Variation is increased & a genetic vanant may be produce cl which is better able to cope with weather changes or poduces Significantly higer yeild. the disadvantage is that the variation may lead to offspring that less sucessful than the parent plant at growing well or produc a good hanest. are CS CamScanner CS CamScanner obji- obj. How fetus grows and develops How placenta helps in embryo to form fetus. Starter!. Mindmap heploid embryo 4 uterus growth and development of the fetus afenis. Fetus fertilisation) fetus) mitosis maturation of cervix reproduction ovary eggs; →→placenta umbilical cord gametes implantation -ampiofic fluid zygote Keywords embryo fetus facrosome Delectrolytes vitamins mother gestation Implantation llamino actos охудет water Corpus tetuma midale peice placenta Fetus C0₂ water urea waste products CS CamScanner CS CamScanner placenta 7 > Exchange of Soluble materials protection of fetus by motheis immuno sustem Hormone secretion which keep the mechanical shock . > some fetal amniocentesis. umbilical cord fetus blood vessel's cells fall into this fluid and can be collected by the cells can be analysed to detect disease, etc MLA Formation of foetus ↓ чудоте ↓ zygote villi embryo > physical attachment wall of uterus in pregnancy stale sprying out > kemp. fluctuations. ovulation Crelease of egg by oviduct) Ţ placenta. → placental membrane Mothers blood ressels intervillious space. Fertilisation (sperm fuses with egg forming zygote) Excellent Fetus). aminon (strong membrane that surrounds fetus) -↑ implantation Cembryo sinks into the soft lining of uterus) CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . > > - • - - changes males changes in females. Days of Primans sexual characteristics L penis & testes enlarge L sperm starts to be produced ↳ secretions released from the prostate gland Lovulation occuts ↳menstruation begins Lo uterus and vagina. grow Progestrone (ovans) Average menstrual cycle. Name of hormone FSH (folicle stimula- ting hormone) IH Cluteinizing hormone) secondary sexual characteristics. growth of Chest, pubic and armpit hair L voice deepens because of change in larynx. breasts develop ↳ growth of hair L body changes- widen and waist narrown hips 1-5 1- your period lining of uterus sheds. 6-12 1- new egg matures, lining of uterus begins to thicken 13-15 ovulation, egg released 16- 28:- egg travels to uterys, if not fertilised dissolves lining of uterus continues to thicken - Function Stimulates development. the overy Stimulates release of mature ovum from Ovary called ovulation, stimulates development of corpus luteum from remains of folicle. oestrogen Covary) repairs lining of uterus and stimulates the development of sexual characteristics. keeps the lining of the uterus ready for implantation and pregnancy. of mature folicle in CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . STI'S and HIV/AIDS Unprotected sexual intercourge can lead to transfer of pathogens via exchange of body fluids they are known as [STIs] example: HIV (human. 'immunodeficiency virus) that leads to the development of acquired immunodifficiency disease (AIDS) LHIV can also be spread by sharing needles with an infected person, blood transfusions and from mother to fetus through the placenta and/or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted infectionse How HIV affects the immune system paitient suffer mild flu Lo the virus infects protein coat and reduces number of HIV TO cells machienery to multiply. L this decreases body's ability to fight off infections sike symptoms a certain type of lymphocyte, they change it's and uses lymp genetic material (1) Hiv attaches to receptors of lymphocytes. COO -Opo antibodies. Poactice related Questio How HIV Affects immune (system! RESULT! HIV infection leads to decreased lymphocyte numbers and reduced ability to produce hocte HIV injects it's genetic material into lymphocyte, to which become a host cell. HIV uses lymphocytes cellular machinery to make copies Keep it up) after making copies, the host cell is destroye by Hiv AD 8/1/24 CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj! DNA structure and its role in living organisms. . . . • 4 " . " . . starter Recap on genetic chass parent phenotype! Parent geno type:- Gametes:- genetic co-dominence I cross!- A offspring genotype:- Bb Bb, bb, bb offspring phenotype: so%. brown, Ratio: 11 Dominent IB A adenine T:- thymine CY- cytosine G guanine. The DNA by hydrogen MIRNA ' tRNA - 1- Brown (eyes) Bb B^b b b nessenger transfer. RENA- ribosome To B Bb Recessive ATCG bases, hydrogen bond. Bb two dominent gametes blue bb b/b b so bive b b bb depend on +/- blood group AB - co-dominent 0 universal donor ZAB-universal acceptor de oxyribose nuclic acid helix is made from 2 strands bonds. DNA phosphate sugar backbone 11/11/22 found in blood. of DNA held together CS CamScanner CS CamScanner obj . . . . . How proteins are synthesized in organismo ( Expellont DNA transcription MENA translation MDNA Protein DNA in nucleus as tempelate mRNA is processed & released into MRNA cytoplasm Im RNA binds to Ribosomes. -H₂N- Being tRNA carries amio acid to mp NA anticodon-codon complementry transferred paining occurs chain is transferred R base peptide from resiclent tRNA to incoming 1 tRNA tRNA Departs protein modification after translation H -COOH. Aminoacid amino N -Amino. group aciels H N -Rhibosome. Phibesome keywords le transcription Le translation Growing protem, the mRNA tRNA Camino acid) ARNA Ribo some H t poly peptide ↓ Protein C 1 R side chain 0 -OH -cal-boxyl group CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . J 20 pairs are the same known as autosomes male уч Female: xx Ⓒ Gnormal xa xa xo xa - 16/11/22 (a) colour blindness [only in ху 3 +pair is X^ -N- Normal с Colamblina y xªy RED C x chromosone) Co-dominance 3 that's why mates are more prone to being colourblind. X Father XXX XX уху ху PINK ce cu Mother XX 75/11/22 WHITE си си Neep it op CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . FIXFI prophase Anaphase -telophace phenotype.. genotype:. gametes.. genetic cross!- 2.0 mitosis Chromosome duplication centriote Latwo diploid offspring genotype.. offspring phenotypes. 25% red ratio:. Pink се сн R W 2 4251501 : 25/ 25 daughter cells R arenx Cpiptola) Egentically identical) W RR P RR RW spindle & metaphase fibres P W ww IRW, RW, WW chromosome duplication n n 1 La four Pink C" (W CW W 25% white 50% pink meo sis XX (mophics) n prophase (gentically n haploid daughter cell. CS CamScanner CS CamScanner . . . . . > occurs in all Lorganismc Blood ·occurs in /. creates all body /planto, anime!! cells • starts with parent diptord involves one cell division Mitosis 1. Daughter cells gentically identical group TAX IA IA X I Tª x IB X T X more similarities:- cels undergo DNA Replication same basic steps co-dominance: the alleles so they are B Simi- Clarities human with 46 chrom. Adult fissue. Tºx Iº • I° - stem cells un differentiated. into specialized ↓ both expressed. combinations I →JA (group A) → I^ (group A) → IAB (group AB) -- produces/ new • four haploid • daughter cell cell genetically diff. I Is →IB (group B) TOIB (group B) (group) -melosis occurs only in plant, animals and fungi . ·human • create only ser cells. involves 2 successive cell cells cell types - in a gene pair are with a 3 chrom division are cells that are sources- Embryo's formed during blatocyst development able both dominant to differencial phase of embryological Stem cells renew cells through mitosis, they have option to become stem cell or other cells like r bc muscle cell →→→ treats diseases (burns, diabeties > CS CamScanner CS CamScanner op)- To know about co-ordination - D Co-ordination & response in plants, - plants cannot move from place to place by growing or bending away from it ex! - plant moving toward sun for photosynthesis. phototropism tropism the response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction of which light is growing. aways stimulus from Ls towards stimulul Positive tropism, growth in direction and response in plants. tropism > Negative tropism the growth away from g Stimulus the stem of plants shows negative gravitropism the root of plants show nega tive photropism geotropism - the response in which a plant grows towards away or from gravity. = negative positive = of stimulus the stem of plants they chows positive phototropism than the root of plants shows positive geotropicm. so they detect stimulus called tropisms. Auxins role:- If sun shines on right side, auxins will accumulate on dark left side. grow much faster cells on night. when left side grows faster than light, shoot will bend to right. 7 phototropism. 17/11/22 auxin produces here A Phere light moves down user shoot. growth. down B light the side of the shoot in shade has more auxin so grows faster causing the shoot to bend towards auxin diffuses aways. from light CS CamScanner CS CamScanner - 7 ↳ . auxin role in geotropism: in a root placed horizontally, the bottom side auxin and grows less causing the of the force of gravity. mone the direction in the grows more со Stem, the bottom the Lleaves exposed to more and do Sunlight photosynthesis positively geotropic Advantages of postive! phototropism si de contains more Stem grows upwords against LA flowers can be seen by insects for pollination 7 auxin uses: tissue culture. auxin Slows growth in root and curves & mone ·∙ethere is hydrocarbon and cell division. the plant gets higher for better seed dispersal. gas and root to grow Negatively geotropic Advantages of contains auxin Stimulates growth in the shoot and stem curves & auxin and diffusion gravity geotropism. & L by growing deeply into the so the root fixes the plant into the ground fimly positive reach water L roots able to L roots have larger surface area for more osmosis Speeds up ripening in bananas weed killers, rooting powders, promoting growth in CS CamScanner CS CamScanner OD Mutations . . Protein ↓ Hb RbC ↓ Carry O₂ CO₂ • A change in gene could change the shape of the protein made. • A mutation is Change in genetic code for vanation. and selection radiation Group reasons discontinous variation caused by genes distinct groups tounge rolling, blood groups probability distribution showing that occurance A child can inherit a gene which was not present in parents. variation difference in living things, even if they are from the same species Radiation & mutations due to cell division Chemicals two types. data than data far Normal distribution is that hear the 3123 keywords Variation Enviromental 1 Factors . mitosis meosis mean. Continous ·caused by enviroment and genes. range of groups Height and weight TA D Migh symmetric about the mean, mean are more frequent in from the variation chemicals L mutagens • overcrowding CS CamScanner CS CamScanner →Organisms best adapted to their enviroment tend survive d transmit their gene the characteristics in increasing numbers to suceeding generations while less adapted get eliminated Darwin's theory [theory of Natural selection 1 (D) in organisme 1) variation:- slight variations may better adapt some organisms 2) over-production:- most organisms produce more young 3) struggle for existance:- competition for survival 4) Survival of the fittest!- well ddapted remains 5 Advantages characteristics passed on to offspring:- only well adapted be able to reproduce, and pass on their genes. •) gradual change: over a period of time, population looses adapted genes. The population better adapRd. poorly will be Variation D Lcacti example 2) over production to Apc A ** Struggle for chistance. Mank CS CamScanner 06 CS CamScanner Obj-Natural selection - Keywords Evolution process by which modem organisms have descended from aincient organisms over time. common ancestor natural selection ddaptation - Starter 1- variation i) ii) variation 1- there IS 2- change in 3. And reproduce 4- And pass the alleles on to their offspring Those with advantageous alleles survive Plenary variation in population enviroment Charles Darwin ✓ ✓ enviroment ✓ Survive generation directional the one on this side ex:"light coloured moth" die 2-competition 7 LIt occurs.. sucessful characterteristics, produced. (by chance mutations, enable organisms to survive and breed 5/5 the safe ones are on the left side #dark coloured moth". due engional بسه 3- selection to mutation selections. Staba lizing → extremes die, middle becomes more increases. A 10/1/23 Diversifying AL ↳ extremes survive, while middle die After natural selection CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj . . . ● Describe Directional selection and Antibiotic tolerance / Resistance In the large population of bacteria, Somo may not be affected by antbiotics. The bacteria's that survive multiply to form larger bacteria. humber of resistant Natural selection Nature made selection Produce huge diversity occurs in natural population only allow favourable traits to be inherited. slow process Artificial selection - International and plants by humans that have desirable traits. organisms can pass down favourable traits to their offsprings to produce more organisms that he want. Facilales evolution through generatig biodiversity Example: long necked girra fe speed in cheetah 13/12 keywords Antibiotic Bacteria Keep it of are production of animals Artificial selection. Man made selection produce organisms with selected trait occurs mainly in domestic population only allow selected traits to be inhented Relatively rapid process Does not facilitate evolution Examples- breeding of cattle, Sociality in pets CS CamScanner CS CamScanner bj Describe /Explain selective breeding 6 Starter pollen from one plant is being transferred to. the anther of another plant. Selective Breeding Research Select your own make a new species with the what are the parent traits that Plant' 00 2 0 0 0 0 of Jo traits such as example and illustrate desired largest number of " are selected. occurs 17/1/23 Artificial corn selection for • Farmers save kornals from plants with desirable characteristics and planted them for the next seasons harvest, choosing kernels with clesirabl the ability to grow in Climates, soil types and kernels. keywords Breeding Artificial selection offspring traits. how you are going to characteristics and 1- natural variation 2- seeds for next generation advantageous traite 3- repeat this process 4- over time, advantageous trait is pacced on to future generation are chosen with those who have Artificial selection is the intentional reproduction animals and plants by humans that have desirable traits. favourable traits. ↳ this can pass down CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Obj- > > . Define and describe biotechnolgy and their uses Making clear Refers to the use living organisms Including genes benefitting health, food and enviroment Biotechnology Fitration Bio technology of cellular and and the components juice crushing & squishing fruit and ↓ Pectinase added to juice seiring glucose Filtration / packing / distribution Anaerobic respiration Biological / Non biological washing Powders are organic human ethanol Many stains blood) washing powder contains enzymes that break down large, insoluble molecules that will dissolve. effective at temperatures - also for lover C₁H₁₂0₂2CH5OH + 200₂ + energy carbon dioxide 2411123 keywords Biotechnology Biological Pectin- protease Pectinase -lipase ATP seperation of protein. engine complex (pulp) molecules (oil from Skin, protein from Genetic engineering: Modification of the Characteristics of an organism by manipulating it's genetic material. delicate fabrics CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Directed evolution Improved solvent stability Incertion of human genes into bacteria for insulin production Improved thermal monitors PH & temp has cooling mechanism to maintain stability -Optimum temp of 24c protein engineering for detergent enzymes Methods Advantages Activity at Features low temp- eratures Penicillin production sugars, ammonium salt and penecillium is added. √genetic engineening Insertion of genes into crop plants to provide additional vitamins. Cexamples sugar for respiration, Ammonium for protein and nucleic gad production Air provide 0, for respiration stirrer keeps the contents suspended Active under Alkaline conditions nutrients Cooling P water skrile air Insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance tar Insertion of genes into Confer •crop plants to resistance to insect -pressure release volve Rational design motor Improves catalytic promiscuity -produck RMP 7 PH So cample cooling Walter CS CamScanner CS CamScanner lactase is the > lactase bead immobilized enzyme 1 fot Jo ring of DNA plasmid Bacteria ↓ Plasmid DNA enzyme that breaks down lactose. lactose into glucose and 3 converts galactose as milk flows through cut PI DAN sodium Aliginale 7 + calcium chlonde tactose free lactase Insulin production 2 bacteria multiplication Extract Jusulin. Qg Da insert insulin gene ↓ keeping plasmid with insulin back into bultena duration is shorter Immobilized enzyme 4 of response no ethical issuts 3 Advantages of rhuman insulin 2012 Chemically identical exact fit in human receptors CS CamScanner CS CamScanner Alleviate ilness enviroment Lycan digest petroleum increase crop yeild Bacteria in human guts can get anti-biotic. resistance cleans up oil spills Benefits Prawbacks chemical change in enviroment Carciogenic treating human dia betier -pest-resistant and drought -renstant new allergies Mutations harmful cide effects CS CamScanner CS CamScanner