Biology
Geometry
English
English Literature
Fun Stuff
RNA polymerase II plays a crucial role in eukaryotic transcription, working with general transcription factors to initiate and carry out gene expression. This process involves complex steps including initiation, elongation, and termination. Following transcription, mRNA processing occurs through intron removal and exon splicing. Translation then synthesizes proteins using ribosomes in a multi-step process involving initiation, elongation, and termination.
5/7/2023
779
Translocation is a crucial step in the elongation phase of translation, following peptide bond formation. During translocation:
This process repeats multiple times, depending on the length of the mRNA being translated. Each cycle of translocation moves the ribosome one codon further along the mRNA, allowing for the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Highlight: Translocation is powered by GTP hydrolysis and facilitated by elongation factors, ensuring the precise movement of the ribosome along the mRNA.
Example: Think of translocation as a conveyor belt in a factory. As each part (amino acid) is added to the product (protein), the belt moves forward to bring the next part into position.
The repetitive nature of translocation enables the ribosome to efficiently synthesize proteins of varying lengths, from short peptides to large, complex proteins.
RNA polymerase II is a key enzyme in eukaryotic transcription, responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA templates. The transcription process begins with initiation, where RNA polymerase II attaches to the promoter region of a gene. This attachment is mediated by transcription factors, which help form the transcription initiation complex.
A crucial element in eukaryotic transcription initiation is the TATA box, a specific promoter sequence that plays a vital role in forming the transcription initiation complex. The complex consists of RNA polymerase II and various general transcription factors, working together to begin the process of gene expression.
Vocabulary: The TATA box is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of many eukaryotic genes, typically located about 25-35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site.
Highlight: The transcription initiation complex, comprising RNA polymerase II and transcription factors, is essential for the accurate and efficient start of gene transcription in eukaryotes.
Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They consist of two main subunits:
These subunits work together to facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins. The ribosome's structure allows mRNA to feed through it, enabling the step-by-step assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
Definition: Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in all living cells, responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences.
Highlight: The diameter of a ribosome is approximately 10 nanometers, making it one of the largest molecular complexes in the cell.
The ribosome's role in protein synthesis is crucial, as it interprets the genetic instructions encoded in mRNA molecules that were originally transcribed from DNA in the nucleus. This process of translating genetic information into functional proteins is a fundamental aspect of the central dogma of molecular biology.
The translation process involves several key steps, with peptide bond formation being a critical part of elongation. During this stage:
Example: Imagine the ribosome as a molecular assembly line. The P site holds the growing protein chain, while the A site brings in the next amino acid. When these two amino acids are correctly positioned, they are joined together like linking two train cars.
Vocabulary: Peptide bond - A chemical bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, creating the backbone of proteins.
This step-by-step process of peptide bond formation is crucial for the accurate synthesis of proteins based on the genetic information encoded in mRNA.
The transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes is a sophisticated assembly of proteins that forms at the promoter region of a gene. This complex includes:
The formation of this complex occurs in a step-wise manner:
Vocabulary: General transcription factors are a group of proteins required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes. They include TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH.
Highlight: The assembly of the transcription initiation complex is a highly regulated process that ensures genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amount.
This intricate process of complex formation is crucial for the precise control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells, allowing for the fine-tuning of cellular responses to various stimuli and developmental cues.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are both nucleic acids, but they have several key structural differences:
Sugar component:
Nucleobases:
Structure:
Stability:
Vocabulary: Nucleobases are the nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Highlight: The structural differences between DNA and RNA reflect their distinct roles in the cell. DNA serves as the stable storage of genetic information, while RNA acts as a more versatile molecule involved in gene expression and regulation.
These structural differences are crucial for the distinct functions of DNA and RNA in cellular processes, including genetic storage, transcription, and translation.
Ribosomes are complex molecular machines essential for protein synthesis. The large subunit of the ribosome contains three crucial binding sites:
The process of translation involves the coordinated use of these sites:
Definition: Aminoacyl-tRNA is a tRNA molecule that has been charged with its specific amino acid, ready to deliver it to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Highlight: The precise arrangement of these binding sites in the ribosome allows for the accurate and efficient translation of mRNA into proteins, a fundamental process in all living cells.
This intricate structure of the ribosome enables the complex process of protein synthesis, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled based on the genetic code.
RNA is a crucial molecule in cellular processes, particularly in gene expression. Key features of RNA include:
RNA plays diverse roles in the cell:
Vocabulary: Nucleotide - The basic structural unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Highlight: The versatility of RNA in terms of structure and function makes it a key player in various cellular processes, from gene regulation to protein synthesis.
The unique properties of RNA, including its ability to form complex secondary structures, enable it to perform a wide range of functions in the cell, making it essential for life as we know it.
Before pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus, it undergoes crucial processing steps:
This process, known as RNA splicing, is a critical step in gene expression in eukaryotes. Key points include:
Definition: Alternative splicing is a process by which different combinations of exons are included in the mature mRNA, allowing a single gene to code for multiple protein variants.
Highlight: RNA splicing significantly increases the complexity of the eukaryotic proteome, allowing for greater diversity of proteins from a limited number of genes.
This sophisticated process of mRNA processing enables eukaryotic cells to fine-tune gene expression and increase protein diversity, contributing to the complexity of higher organisms.
Protein synthesis is a fundamental cellular process that translates genetic information from nucleic acids into functional proteins. This process involves two main stages:
Key components involved in protein synthesis include:
Highlight: Protein synthesis is a highly regulated process that ensures the correct proteins are produced at the right time and in the right amounts, crucial for proper cellular function and organism development.
Understanding the intricacies of protein synthesis is essential for comprehending how genetic information is expressed and how cells respond to their environment and developmental cues.
During the elongation phase of transcription, RNA polymerase II plays a crucial role in synthesizing the RNA transcript. The process involves several key steps:
DNA Unwinding: RNA polymerase II unwinds the DNA double helix, breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
Strand Separation: The enzyme separates the DNA strands, exposing the template strand.
Base Pairing: Incoming RNA nucleotides pair with complementary DNA nucleotides on the template strand.
RNA Synthesis: RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, elongating the RNA chain in a 5' to 3' direction.
Highlight: RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA template strand in a 3' to 5' direction, synthesizing the complementary RNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction.
Example: If the DNA template strand reads 3'-TACGTA-5', the corresponding RNA sequence will be 5'-AUGCAU-3'.
This process continues until RNA polymerase II reaches a termination sequence, resulting in the production of a complete RNA transcript that is complementary to the DNA template strand.
A gene is a fundamental unit of heredity, defined as a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Key points about genes include:
One Gene, One Protein: Generally, each gene contains the information to produce one specific protein.
Gene Structure: Genes consist of coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding regions (introns).
Protein Coding: The genetic code within a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein it encodes.
Human Genome: Humans have approximately 30,000 protein-coding genes.
Highlight: While the "one gene, one protein" concept is a useful simplification, modern understanding recognizes that alternative splicing and other mechanisms can allow a single gene to produce multiple protein variants.
Example: A gene for eye color contains the instructions for producing melanin, the pigment that determines eye color. Different versions (alleles) of this gene can result in various eye colors.
Understanding the structure and function of genes is crucial for comprehending how genetic information is stored, transmitted, and expressed in living organisms.
The initiation phase of translation is a crucial step in protein synthesis, involving several key components and processes:
Ribosomal Assembly: The small and large ribosomal subunits come together at the 5' end of the mRNA.
Start Codon Recognition: The ribosome scans the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction to locate the start codon (AUG).
Initiator tRNA: The first tRNA, carrying methionine, attaches directly to the P site of the ribosome, unlike subsequent tRNAs which enter through the A site.
First Amino Acid: Methionine is always the first amino acid in the newly synthesized protein, though it may be removed later in some cases.
Vocabulary: The start codon (AUG) is a specific sequence of nucleotides that signals the beginning of a protein-coding sequence on the mRNA.
Highlight: The precise positioning of the ribosome at the start codon is crucial for ensuring that the correct reading frame is established for accurate protein synthesis.
This intricate process of translation initiation sets the stage for the subsequent elongation phase, where the protein will be assembled one amino acid at a time based on the mRNA sequence.
Codons are fundamental units of genetic code that play a crucial role in translating mRNA into proteins. Key points about codons include:
Definition: A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal.
Codon Diversity: There are 64 different possible codons in the genetic code.
Amino Acid Coding: Of the 64 codons, 61 code for amino acids, while 3 are stop codons that signal the end of protein synthesis.
Redundancy: Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, a feature known as the degeneracy of the genetic code.
Example: The codon AUG codes for methionine and also serves as the start codon, initiating protein synthesis.
Highlight: The genetic code is nearly universal across all living organisms, with only minor variations in some species, highlighting its fundamental importance in biology.
Understanding codons is essential for comprehending how genetic information is translated into the amino acid sequences that form proteins, a process central to the expression of genetic traits and the functioning of all living cells.
The termination phase of transcription is a crucial step that signals the end of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II. This process involves several key elements:
Termination Sequence: RNA polymerase II continues transcription until it encounters a specific termination sequence in the DNA.
Hairpin Loop Formation: The termination sequence often leads to the formation of a hairpin loop structure in the newly synthesized RNA.
Intrinsic Mechanism: In many cases, termination occurs through an intrinsic mechanism where the hairpin loop causes the RNA polymerase to pause and eventually release the RNA transcript.
RNA Release: The completed RNA molecule is released from the DNA template and the RNA polymerase.
Vocabulary: A hairpin loop is a secondary structure in single-stranded nucleic acids where the strand folds back on itself to form a loop, resembling a hairpin.
Highlight: Proper transcription termination is essential for producing functional RNA molecules of the correct length and preventing interference with downstream genes.
This termination process ensures that each gene is transcribed accurately and independently, contributing to the precise control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Average App Rating
Students use Knowunity
In Education App Charts in 12 Countries
Students uploaded study notes
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
Average App Rating
Students use Knowunity
In Education App Charts in 12 Countries
Students uploaded study notes
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
RNA polymerase II plays a crucial role in eukaryotic transcription, working with general transcription factors to initiate and carry out gene expression. This process involves complex steps including initiation, elongation, and termination. Following transcription, mRNA processing occurs through intron removal and exon splicing. Translation then synthesizes proteins using ribosomes in a multi-step process involving initiation, elongation, and termination.
Translocation is a crucial step in the elongation phase of translation, following peptide bond formation. During translocation:
This process repeats multiple times, depending on the length of the mRNA being translated. Each cycle of translocation moves the ribosome one codon further along the mRNA, allowing for the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Highlight: Translocation is powered by GTP hydrolysis and facilitated by elongation factors, ensuring the precise movement of the ribosome along the mRNA.
Example: Think of translocation as a conveyor belt in a factory. As each part (amino acid) is added to the product (protein), the belt moves forward to bring the next part into position.
The repetitive nature of translocation enables the ribosome to efficiently synthesize proteins of varying lengths, from short peptides to large, complex proteins.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
RNA polymerase II is a key enzyme in eukaryotic transcription, responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA templates. The transcription process begins with initiation, where RNA polymerase II attaches to the promoter region of a gene. This attachment is mediated by transcription factors, which help form the transcription initiation complex.
A crucial element in eukaryotic transcription initiation is the TATA box, a specific promoter sequence that plays a vital role in forming the transcription initiation complex. The complex consists of RNA polymerase II and various general transcription factors, working together to begin the process of gene expression.
Vocabulary: The TATA box is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of many eukaryotic genes, typically located about 25-35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site.
Highlight: The transcription initiation complex, comprising RNA polymerase II and transcription factors, is essential for the accurate and efficient start of gene transcription in eukaryotes.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They consist of two main subunits:
These subunits work together to facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins. The ribosome's structure allows mRNA to feed through it, enabling the step-by-step assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
Definition: Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in all living cells, responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences.
Highlight: The diameter of a ribosome is approximately 10 nanometers, making it one of the largest molecular complexes in the cell.
The ribosome's role in protein synthesis is crucial, as it interprets the genetic instructions encoded in mRNA molecules that were originally transcribed from DNA in the nucleus. This process of translating genetic information into functional proteins is a fundamental aspect of the central dogma of molecular biology.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The translation process involves several key steps, with peptide bond formation being a critical part of elongation. During this stage:
Example: Imagine the ribosome as a molecular assembly line. The P site holds the growing protein chain, while the A site brings in the next amino acid. When these two amino acids are correctly positioned, they are joined together like linking two train cars.
Vocabulary: Peptide bond - A chemical bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, creating the backbone of proteins.
This step-by-step process of peptide bond formation is crucial for the accurate synthesis of proteins based on the genetic information encoded in mRNA.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes is a sophisticated assembly of proteins that forms at the promoter region of a gene. This complex includes:
The formation of this complex occurs in a step-wise manner:
Vocabulary: General transcription factors are a group of proteins required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes. They include TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH.
Highlight: The assembly of the transcription initiation complex is a highly regulated process that ensures genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amount.
This intricate process of complex formation is crucial for the precise control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells, allowing for the fine-tuning of cellular responses to various stimuli and developmental cues.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are both nucleic acids, but they have several key structural differences:
Sugar component:
Nucleobases:
Structure:
Stability:
Vocabulary: Nucleobases are the nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Highlight: The structural differences between DNA and RNA reflect their distinct roles in the cell. DNA serves as the stable storage of genetic information, while RNA acts as a more versatile molecule involved in gene expression and regulation.
These structural differences are crucial for the distinct functions of DNA and RNA in cellular processes, including genetic storage, transcription, and translation.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ribosomes are complex molecular machines essential for protein synthesis. The large subunit of the ribosome contains three crucial binding sites:
The process of translation involves the coordinated use of these sites:
Definition: Aminoacyl-tRNA is a tRNA molecule that has been charged with its specific amino acid, ready to deliver it to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Highlight: The precise arrangement of these binding sites in the ribosome allows for the accurate and efficient translation of mRNA into proteins, a fundamental process in all living cells.
This intricate structure of the ribosome enables the complex process of protein synthesis, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled based on the genetic code.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
RNA is a crucial molecule in cellular processes, particularly in gene expression. Key features of RNA include:
RNA plays diverse roles in the cell:
Vocabulary: Nucleotide - The basic structural unit of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Highlight: The versatility of RNA in terms of structure and function makes it a key player in various cellular processes, from gene regulation to protein synthesis.
The unique properties of RNA, including its ability to form complex secondary structures, enable it to perform a wide range of functions in the cell, making it essential for life as we know it.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Before pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus, it undergoes crucial processing steps:
This process, known as RNA splicing, is a critical step in gene expression in eukaryotes. Key points include:
Definition: Alternative splicing is a process by which different combinations of exons are included in the mature mRNA, allowing a single gene to code for multiple protein variants.
Highlight: RNA splicing significantly increases the complexity of the eukaryotic proteome, allowing for greater diversity of proteins from a limited number of genes.
This sophisticated process of mRNA processing enables eukaryotic cells to fine-tune gene expression and increase protein diversity, contributing to the complexity of higher organisms.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Protein synthesis is a fundamental cellular process that translates genetic information from nucleic acids into functional proteins. This process involves two main stages:
Key components involved in protein synthesis include:
Highlight: Protein synthesis is a highly regulated process that ensures the correct proteins are produced at the right time and in the right amounts, crucial for proper cellular function and organism development.
Understanding the intricacies of protein synthesis is essential for comprehending how genetic information is expressed and how cells respond to their environment and developmental cues.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
During the elongation phase of transcription, RNA polymerase II plays a crucial role in synthesizing the RNA transcript. The process involves several key steps:
DNA Unwinding: RNA polymerase II unwinds the DNA double helix, breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
Strand Separation: The enzyme separates the DNA strands, exposing the template strand.
Base Pairing: Incoming RNA nucleotides pair with complementary DNA nucleotides on the template strand.
RNA Synthesis: RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, elongating the RNA chain in a 5' to 3' direction.
Highlight: RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA template strand in a 3' to 5' direction, synthesizing the complementary RNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction.
Example: If the DNA template strand reads 3'-TACGTA-5', the corresponding RNA sequence will be 5'-AUGCAU-3'.
This process continues until RNA polymerase II reaches a termination sequence, resulting in the production of a complete RNA transcript that is complementary to the DNA template strand.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
A gene is a fundamental unit of heredity, defined as a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Key points about genes include:
One Gene, One Protein: Generally, each gene contains the information to produce one specific protein.
Gene Structure: Genes consist of coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding regions (introns).
Protein Coding: The genetic code within a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein it encodes.
Human Genome: Humans have approximately 30,000 protein-coding genes.
Highlight: While the "one gene, one protein" concept is a useful simplification, modern understanding recognizes that alternative splicing and other mechanisms can allow a single gene to produce multiple protein variants.
Example: A gene for eye color contains the instructions for producing melanin, the pigment that determines eye color. Different versions (alleles) of this gene can result in various eye colors.
Understanding the structure and function of genes is crucial for comprehending how genetic information is stored, transmitted, and expressed in living organisms.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The initiation phase of translation is a crucial step in protein synthesis, involving several key components and processes:
Ribosomal Assembly: The small and large ribosomal subunits come together at the 5' end of the mRNA.
Start Codon Recognition: The ribosome scans the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction to locate the start codon (AUG).
Initiator tRNA: The first tRNA, carrying methionine, attaches directly to the P site of the ribosome, unlike subsequent tRNAs which enter through the A site.
First Amino Acid: Methionine is always the first amino acid in the newly synthesized protein, though it may be removed later in some cases.
Vocabulary: The start codon (AUG) is a specific sequence of nucleotides that signals the beginning of a protein-coding sequence on the mRNA.
Highlight: The precise positioning of the ribosome at the start codon is crucial for ensuring that the correct reading frame is established for accurate protein synthesis.
This intricate process of translation initiation sets the stage for the subsequent elongation phase, where the protein will be assembled one amino acid at a time based on the mRNA sequence.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Codons are fundamental units of genetic code that play a crucial role in translating mRNA into proteins. Key points about codons include:
Definition: A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal.
Codon Diversity: There are 64 different possible codons in the genetic code.
Amino Acid Coding: Of the 64 codons, 61 code for amino acids, while 3 are stop codons that signal the end of protein synthesis.
Redundancy: Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, a feature known as the degeneracy of the genetic code.
Example: The codon AUG codes for methionine and also serves as the start codon, initiating protein synthesis.
Highlight: The genetic code is nearly universal across all living organisms, with only minor variations in some species, highlighting its fundamental importance in biology.
Understanding codons is essential for comprehending how genetic information is translated into the amino acid sequences that form proteins, a process central to the expression of genetic traits and the functioning of all living cells.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The termination phase of transcription is a crucial step that signals the end of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase II. This process involves several key elements:
Termination Sequence: RNA polymerase II continues transcription until it encounters a specific termination sequence in the DNA.
Hairpin Loop Formation: The termination sequence often leads to the formation of a hairpin loop structure in the newly synthesized RNA.
Intrinsic Mechanism: In many cases, termination occurs through an intrinsic mechanism where the hairpin loop causes the RNA polymerase to pause and eventually release the RNA transcript.
RNA Release: The completed RNA molecule is released from the DNA template and the RNA polymerase.
Vocabulary: A hairpin loop is a secondary structure in single-stranded nucleic acids where the strand folds back on itself to form a loop, resembling a hairpin.
Highlight: Proper transcription termination is essential for producing functional RNA molecules of the correct length and preventing interference with downstream genes.
This termination process ensures that each gene is transcribed accurately and independently, contributing to the precise control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sign up
Access to all documents
Join milions of students
Improve your grades
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Average App Rating
Students use Knowunity
In Education App Charts in 12 Countries
Students uploaded study notes
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
