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Dec 24, 2025
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Understanding Nucleic Acids: Types, Functions, and History
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Nucleic Acid Basics
Nucleic acids are the instruction manuals for your body. These special biomolecules store genetic information that determines your traits and enables your cells to make proteins.
Think of nucleic acids as the biological code that gets passed from parents to children. They contain precise instructions for when and how to build the thousands of proteins needed to keep your cells, tissues, and entire body functioning properly.
Located inside your cells, these molecules are essential for life itself, allowing genetic information to be preserved and transferred across generations.
Quick Fact: The discovery of nucleic acids revolutionized our understanding of genetics and opened the door to modern biotechnology, including DNA testing and genetic engineering!
Discovery and History
The story of nucleic acids begins with Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician who first isolated these molecules in 1869. Working in a German laboratory, Miescher extracted phosphate-rich chemicals from white blood cells and named them "nuclein" because they came from the cell nucleus.
Miescher was remarkably insightful, suggesting these molecules might be involved in heredity long before we understood how genetics worked. His pioneering work laid the foundation for understanding DNA as the carrier of inherited traits.
The field advanced gradually with Richard Altmann noting nuclein's acidic properties in 1889 (renaming it "nucleic acid"). Major breakthroughs continued with X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA in 1938, culminating in Watson and Crick's famous 1953 discovery of DNA's double helix structure.
Consider This: The time between Miescher's discovery of nucleic acids and understanding their structure was over 80 years! Science often progresses through small steps before major breakthroughs happen.
Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary genetic material in your cells. It serves as the storage place for all genetic information, essentially functioning as the master blueprint for your entire body.
Inside your cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes. DNA has a distinctive double-helix structure made of two chains of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose. This twisted ladder design is crucial for protecting genetic information—if one strand is damaged, the other can serve as a template for repair.
DNA controls the synthesis of RNA, which is the next step in the process of making proteins. The double-helix structure provides a clever protective mechanism that helps prevent disorders that might occur if genetic information is lost or damaged.
Amazing Fact: If you uncoiled all the DNA from just one of your cells and stretched it out, it would be about 6 feet long! Your body has trillions of cells, making the total length of your DNA mind-boggling!
Types of Nucleic Acids: RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) acts as the messenger in your cells, carrying genetic instructions from DNA to the cellular machinery that builds proteins. Unlike DNA's double-helix, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
Your cells have three main types of RNA, each with specialized functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of the ribosomes themselves—the cellular factories where proteins are built.
RNA converts genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences that form proteins—essentially translating your DNA code into the building blocks that make up your body.
Think About It: Without RNA serving as an intermediary, your DNA would be like a valuable recipe book locked in a safe—containing important information but unable to get it to where it's needed!
We thought you’d never ask...
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Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Nucleic Acids: Types, Functions, and History
Nucleic acids are the fundamental molecules of life, storing and transmitting genetic information that makes you who you are. These remarkable biomolecules allow organisms to pass traits from one generation to the next and contain the instructions for building proteins... Show more
Nucleic Acid Basics
Nucleic acids are the instruction manuals for your body. These special biomolecules store genetic information that determines your traits and enables your cells to make proteins.
Think of nucleic acids as the biological code that gets passed from parents to children. They contain precise instructions for when and how to build the thousands of proteins needed to keep your cells, tissues, and entire body functioning properly.
Located inside your cells, these molecules are essential for life itself, allowing genetic information to be preserved and transferred across generations.
Quick Fact: The discovery of nucleic acids revolutionized our understanding of genetics and opened the door to modern biotechnology, including DNA testing and genetic engineering!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Discovery and History
The story of nucleic acids begins with Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician who first isolated these molecules in 1869. Working in a German laboratory, Miescher extracted phosphate-rich chemicals from white blood cells and named them "nuclein" because they came from the cell nucleus.
Miescher was remarkably insightful, suggesting these molecules might be involved in heredity long before we understood how genetics worked. His pioneering work laid the foundation for understanding DNA as the carrier of inherited traits.
The field advanced gradually with Richard Altmann noting nuclein's acidic properties in 1889 (renaming it "nucleic acid"). Major breakthroughs continued with X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA in 1938, culminating in Watson and Crick's famous 1953 discovery of DNA's double helix structure.
Consider This: The time between Miescher's discovery of nucleic acids and understanding their structure was over 80 years! Science often progresses through small steps before major breakthroughs happen.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Types of Nucleic Acids: DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary genetic material in your cells. It serves as the storage place for all genetic information, essentially functioning as the master blueprint for your entire body.
Inside your cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes. DNA has a distinctive double-helix structure made of two chains of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose. This twisted ladder design is crucial for protecting genetic information—if one strand is damaged, the other can serve as a template for repair.
DNA controls the synthesis of RNA, which is the next step in the process of making proteins. The double-helix structure provides a clever protective mechanism that helps prevent disorders that might occur if genetic information is lost or damaged.
Amazing Fact: If you uncoiled all the DNA from just one of your cells and stretched it out, it would be about 6 feet long! Your body has trillions of cells, making the total length of your DNA mind-boggling!
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Types of Nucleic Acids: RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) acts as the messenger in your cells, carrying genetic instructions from DNA to the cellular machinery that builds proteins. Unlike DNA's double-helix, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
Your cells have three main types of RNA, each with specialized functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of the ribosomes themselves—the cellular factories where proteins are built.
RNA converts genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences that form proteins—essentially translating your DNA code into the building blocks that make up your body.
Think About It: Without RNA serving as an intermediary, your DNA would be like a valuable recipe book locked in a safe—containing important information but unable to get it to where it's needed!
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user