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AP Chemistry
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Chemistry
Dec 2, 2025
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8 pages
A comprehensive guide to heat transfer calculations and specific heat capacity in physics, focusing on energy absorption and... Show more
This page delves into the practical application of the Q = mCpΔT formula for temperature changes within a single phase.
Example Heating water from 3°C to 89°C requires using the liquid phase specific heat since the entire temperature range falls between water's freezing point (0°C) and boiling point (100°C).
Definition Q represents energy transfer in a system, measured in Joules.
Key variables explained
This section covers important considerations for energy calculations and unit conversions.
Highlight The sign of Q depends on temperature change direction
Definition 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules, with food calories actually being kilocalories
The page emphasizes the importance of knowing melting and boiling points to determine the correct specific heat value.
This page demonstrates practical applications through worked examples.
Example Calculating energy needed to raise 50g of water from 3°C to 89°C Q = (50g)(86°C) = +17,991.25J
Example Energy needed to cool 150g of water from 57°C to 1°C Q = (150)(4.184)(-56) = -35,145.65J
The negative value indicates energy removal for cooling.
This page introduces phase change energy calculations using Q = mΔHv or Q = mΔHf.
Definition ΔHf represents energy needed for solid-liquid phase changes at melting point Definition ΔHv represents energy needed for liquid-gas phase changes at boiling point
Highlight Phase changes occur at constant temperature, requiring energy input/removal for the entire mass.
This section provides practical examples of phase change calculations.
Example Energy needed to change 50g of ice to liquid Q = (50g) = +16,700J
Highlight The sign of ΔHf/v depends on the direction of phase change .
This final section demonstrates how to solve problems involving both temperature changes and phase transitions.
Example For changing 50g of water from -2°C to 89°C, the solution requires three steps
Highlight All values should be positive when increasing temperature and moving up the heating curve.
This section demonstrates how to handle problems involving both temperature changes and phase transitions.
Example Breaking down the process of changing 50g of water from -2°C to 89°C into multiple steps
This introductory page establishes the fundamental concepts of specific heat and heat capacity.
Definition Specific heat (Cp) is the amount of energy needed to raise exactly 1g of a substance by 1°C, measured in J/g°C.
Highlight Different phases (solid, liquid, gas) of the same substance have different specific heat values.
Vocabulary Heat capacity refers to the total energy needed to raise the temperature of a specific mass of substance, unlike specific heat which is mass-independent.
The page introduces two key equations
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Notes relating to phase change: triple point, critical points, and heating curves.
AP ChemistryNotes on the topic
ChemistryKey notes and important details for an adiabatic efficiency of a turbine.
ChemistryExplore the Haber Process for ammonia synthesis, including reaction conditions, catalyst use, and the production of NPK fertilisers. Understand the impact of temperature and pressure on yield, and the environmental implications of fertiliser use. This summary provides essential insights for chemistry students.
ChemistryHess's Law
ChemistryExplore the principles of measuring enthalpy changes through calorimetry. This summary covers key concepts such as specific heat capacity, energy transfer calculations, and the distinction between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Ideal for students preparing for exams or needing a quick reference on enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
A comprehensive guide to heat transfer calculations and specific heat capacity in physics, focusing on energy absorption and loss in systems through various phase changes and temperature variations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves into the practical application of the Q = mCpΔT formula for temperature changes within a single phase.
Example: Heating water from 3°C to 89°C requires using the liquid phase specific heat since the entire temperature range falls between water's freezing point (0°C) and boiling point (100°C).
Definition: Q represents energy transfer in a system, measured in Joules.
Key variables explained:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section covers important considerations for energy calculations and unit conversions.
Highlight: The sign of Q depends on temperature change direction:
Definition: 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules, with food calories actually being kilocalories
The page emphasizes the importance of knowing melting and boiling points to determine the correct specific heat value.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page demonstrates practical applications through worked examples.
Example: Calculating energy needed to raise 50g of water from 3°C to 89°C: Q = (50g)(86°C) = +17,991.25J
Example: Energy needed to cool 150g of water from 57°C to 1°C: Q = (150)(4.184)(-56) = -35,145.65J
The negative value indicates energy removal for cooling.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces phase change energy calculations using Q = mΔHv or Q = mΔHf.
Definition: ΔHf represents energy needed for solid-liquid phase changes at melting point Definition: ΔHv represents energy needed for liquid-gas phase changes at boiling point
Highlight: Phase changes occur at constant temperature, requiring energy input/removal for the entire mass.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section provides practical examples of phase change calculations.
Example: Energy needed to change 50g of ice to liquid: Q = (50g) = +16,700J
Highlight: The sign of ΔHf/v depends on the direction of phase change .
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This final section demonstrates how to solve problems involving both temperature changes and phase transitions.
Example: For changing 50g of water from -2°C to 89°C, the solution requires three steps:
Highlight: All values should be positive when increasing temperature and moving up the heating curve.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section demonstrates how to handle problems involving both temperature changes and phase transitions.
Example: Breaking down the process of changing 50g of water from -2°C to 89°C into multiple steps:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This introductory page establishes the fundamental concepts of specific heat and heat capacity.
Definition: Specific heat (Cp) is the amount of energy needed to raise exactly 1g of a substance by 1°C, measured in J/g°C.
Highlight: Different phases (solid, liquid, gas) of the same substance have different specific heat values.
Vocabulary: Heat capacity refers to the total energy needed to raise the temperature of a specific mass of substance, unlike specific heat which is mass-independent.
The page introduces two key equations:
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Notes relating to phase change: triple point, critical points, and heating curves.
AP ChemistryNotes on the topic
ChemistryKey notes and important details for an adiabatic efficiency of a turbine.
ChemistryExplore the Haber Process for ammonia synthesis, including reaction conditions, catalyst use, and the production of NPK fertilisers. Understand the impact of temperature and pressure on yield, and the environmental implications of fertiliser use. This summary provides essential insights for chemistry students.
ChemistryHess's Law
ChemistryExplore the principles of measuring enthalpy changes through calorimetry. This summary covers key concepts such as specific heat capacity, energy transfer calculations, and the distinction between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Ideal for students preparing for exams or needing a quick reference on enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
