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Mar 7, 2023

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The Story of King Louis XVI: His Last Words, Death, and the French Revolution

S

Siri Gowda

@sirigowda_jiau

The French Revolutionmarked a pivotal turning point in European... Show more

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Financial Crisis and Early Stages of the French Revolution

The French financial crisis of 1789 emerged from decades of mismanagement under three key rulers. Louis XVI, who ruled from 1774-1792, inherited a nation already crippled by debt from his predecessors Louis XIV and Louis XV. The crisis deepened due to France's involvement in expensive wars, including the American Revolution which cost over 400 million livres in aid to the colonies.

Was King Louis XVI a good king? Historical evidence suggests his reign was marked by indifference and incompetence. His wife Marie Antoinette was notorious for excessive spending, further straining the treasury. France's financial structure lacked uniformity across its 300 provinces, with different laws, weights, measurements, and tax systems in each region. The privileged First and Second Estates, comprising only 3% of the population, managed to exempt themselves from taxation while the Third Estate bore the primary tax burden.

Definition: The Three Estates System

  • First Estate: Clergy 11% of population
  • Second Estate: Nobility 22% of population
  • Third Estate: Everyone else 9797% of population

The French bourgeoisie, consisting of educated middle-class citizens like doctors and bankers, possessed wealth without responsibility and intelligence without authority. Multiple finance ministers attempted reforms - Turgot 17761776, Jacques Necker 17771777, Calonne 17871787, and Brienne 17881788 - but faced resistance from nobles when trying to tax the privileged estates. This resistance ultimately led to the calling of the Estates General, which hadn't met since 1614.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Estates General and Formation of the National Assembly

Why was the Estates General called? The mounting financial crisis and noble resistance to taxation forced Louis XVI to convene this ancient assembly in May 1789. The role of Estates General in French Revolution was pivotal, though not as intended. While the Third Estate received double representation 600versus300foreachotherestate600 versus 300 for each other estate, voting remained by estate rather than by head, effectively nullifying their numerical advantage.

Highlight: The Third Estate's frustration with the voting system led to a revolutionary transformation of French governance.

The pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" by Abbé Sieyès crystallized the grievances of the common people, declaring that the Third Estate was essentially France itself, while the privileged estates were mere parasites. After six weeks of stalemate, members of the Third Estate, joined by some progressive clergy and nobles, declared themselves the National Assembly.

What happened at the meeting of the Estates-General proved transformative when the king locked out the Third Estate delegates, leading to the famous Tennis Court Oath. Why was the Tennis Court Oath important? The delegates pledged to remain assembled until they created a constitution for France, effectively challenging royal authority and establishing France's first constitutional government.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Bastille and Early Revolutionary Events

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, marked Day 1 of the French Revolution. This pivotal event occurred when Parisians, fearing an imminent military crackdown and seeking weapons, attacked the fortress-prison. Though only six prisoners were freed, the symbolic impact was enormous, representing the people's first major victory against royal authority.

Example: The Bastille's fall triggered the "Great Fear" - a wave of peasant uprisings across France where rural communities attacked noble estates and burned feudal documents.

The August 4 Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen followed, fundamentally transforming French society by abolishing feudal privileges and establishing basic rights. However, Louis XVI's reluctance to approve these measures and the ongoing food crisis led to the Women's March on Versailles in October 1789, forcing the royal family to relocate to Paris.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

Constitutional Monarchy and Growing Tensions

The National Assembly attempted to stabilize France through various reforms, including the creation of the assignat currency backed by seized church lands. However, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy 17901790 proved deeply divisive, requiring clergy to swear allegiance to the state and creating a rift with the Catholic Church.

Louis XVI's last words would come later, but his fate was essentially sealed by the Flight to Varennes in June 1791, when the royal family attempted to escape Paris. This failed escape attempt destroyed remaining trust in the monarchy and led to the creation of the Legislative Assembly, which limited royal power to a mere veto.

Quote: The Brunswick Manifesto of 1792 threatened: "We will restore order in France IF every country in Europe joins us" - a threat that would help radicalize the revolution.

The emergence of political clubs, particularly the Jacobins and Girondins, reflected growing ideological divisions that would shape the revolution's future course. The Declaration of Pillnitz and Brunswick Manifesto demonstrated growing international opposition to revolutionary France, setting the stage for future conflicts.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Path to Revolution: Fear, War, and Political Upheaval

The growing tensions in France erupted into open conflict when the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in April 1792. This decision was driven by multiple factors, including fear of the émigrés nobleswhohadfledFrancenobles who had fled France and growing distrust of the government. The situation became particularly tense when Austria threatened to destroy Paris if any harm came to the royal family.

A pivotal moment occurred on August 10, 1792, with what became known as the Second Revolution. The Jacobins and Liberals, frustrated with the existing government, stormed government buildings and established the National Convention and Paris Commune. George Danton, beloved for his role in writing the August 4 Decrees, emerged as a key figure in creating the new Paris city government.

The September Massacres of 1792 marked a dark turning point. Amid rumors that prisoners would escape and kill civilians, approximately 2,000 prisoners were executed. This led to the implementation of the guillotine, proposed by Dr. Guillotin as a more "humane" method of execution. The most significant execution came on January 21, 1793, when Louis XVI was found guilty of treason by a single vote 361360361-360 and subsequently executed alongside his wife Marie Antoinette.

Definition: Counter-revolutionary - Anyone opposed to the revolution's progress, typically conservatives, those in contact with émigrés, or clergy who refused to pledge allegiance to the new government.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath

The Committee of Public Safety, initially created by George Danton but later led by Maximilien Robespierre, became the driving force behind the Reign of Terror. This 13-member committee maintained extensive surveillance over French citizens, seeking to identify and eliminate potential threats to the revolution.

The period from June 1793 to July 1794 saw approximately 40,000 executions under the Reign of Terror. Even George Danton, despite his earlier revolutionary credentials, fell victim to Robespierre's increasing paranoia and was executed as a counter-revolutionary. The situation reached a breaking point in the Thermidorian Reaction of July 1794, when Robespierre himself was arrested and executed.

Highlight: The Thermidorian Reaction marked the end of the Reign of Terror and initiated a shift back toward conservative power, leading to the "White Terror" - a period of conservative reprisals against revolutionaries.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

Napoleon's Rise to Power

Napoleon Bonaparte's ascent began when he defended the National Convention from Sans-Culottes protesters, famously dispersing them with "a whiff of grapeshot." His military success led to rapid promotion and command of the Army of Italy, where he achieved significant victories against Austria.

The Directory, France's new five-man executive government, faced challenges from various quarters, including Gracchus Babeuf's "Conspiracy of Equals" - an early attempt to establish socialism in France. Napoleon's military successes, particularly in Italy and Egypt, enhanced his political standing despite setbacks like the Battle of the Nile.

Example: Napoleon's famous crossing of the Alps, immortalized in Jacques Louis David's painting, demonstrated his military prowess and growing legendary status.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Consulate and Empire

Through the Coup of Brumaire in 1799, Napoleon established the Consulate, effectively taking control of France. He systematically consolidated power through a series of plebiscites, eventually becoming Emperor. His reforms included reconciliation with the Church, welcoming back émigrés, and establishing the Napoleonic Code.

Napoleon's empire expanded through military victories at Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena. He reshaped Europe, dissolving the Holy Roman Empire and establishing the Confederation of the Rhine. His Continental System, aimed at isolating Britain economically, led to conflicts in Spain and Portugal, culminating in the bloody Peninsular War.

Quote: "Thank God I have done my duty" - Admiral Horatio Nelson's famous last words at the Battle of Trafalgar, where Britain dealt a decisive blow to French naval power.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte: From Moscow to Waterloo

The dramatic decline of Napoleon's empire began with a pivotal decision regarding the Continental System in 1811. When Russia withdrew from this economic blockade, Napoleon assembled his legendary Grand Armée - a massive force of 700,000 soldiers from France and allied nations, supported by 300,000 supply carriers. This military campaign would prove to be one of history's most catastrophic military failures.

The Russian campaign was marked by the devastating Battle of Borodino on September 13, 1812 - the bloodiest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars with 70,000 casualties. Though Napoleon's forces reached Moscow, they found an abandoned city. The Russians employed their famous "scorched earth" strategy, burning everything in their retreat and leaving Napoleon's army without supplies. In a shocking turn of events, released Russian prisoners set Moscow ablaze, forcing the French to retreat through the brutal Russian winter. Of Napoleon's massive invasion force, only 30,000 soldiers survived the Russian campaign.

Highlight: The Russian Campaign marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall, with the loss of over 670,000 soldiers due to combat, starvation, and extreme winter conditions.

The defeat in Russia led to the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, where a coalition of European powers finally defeated Napoleon. The subsequent Treaty of Paris in 1814 exiled Napoleon to Elba and restored the French monarchy under Louis XVIII, brother of the executed Louis XVI. However, Napoleon's story wasn't over - he escaped from Elba, returning to France for the famous "Hundred Days." This brief return to power ended at the decisive Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, where British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon's army. After a failed attempt to flee to America, Napoleon was captured and exiled to the remote island of St. Helena under the Second Treaty of Paris, where he would remain until his death.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

The Restoration and Legacy of Post-Napoleonic France

The aftermath of Napoleon's final defeat brought significant changes to France's political landscape. The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Louis XVIII marked a careful balance between the old regime and revolutionary reforms. While the monarchy was restored, France maintained many Napoleonic institutions, including the influential Napoleonic Code.

Louis XVIII's reign represented a compromise between revolutionary ideals and monarchical authority. He was required to accept constitutional limitations and could not pursue vengeance against those who had supported the revolution theRegicidesthe Regicides. This period demonstrated how France attempted to reconcile its revolutionary past with the desire for stability.

Definition: The Hundred Days refers to the period between Napoleon's return from Elba on March 1, 1815, and his final defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815, marking his last attempt to restore his empire.

The Second Treaty of Paris in 1815 imposed harsher terms on France than the first, reflecting the European powers' determination to prevent any future French military resurgence. This treaty redrew France's borders, required war reparations, and established a framework for post-Napoleonic European relations that would influence international politics for decades to come.



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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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European History

306

Mar 7, 2023

10 pages

The Story of King Louis XVI: His Last Words, Death, and the French Revolution

S

Siri Gowda

@sirigowda_jiau

The French Revolution marked a pivotal turning point in European history, largely triggered by a severe financial crisis in 1789 and the ineffective leadership of King Louis XVI.

France faced mounting debt due to its involvement in expensive wars,... Show more

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Financial Crisis and Early Stages of the French Revolution

The French financial crisis of 1789 emerged from decades of mismanagement under three key rulers. Louis XVI, who ruled from 1774-1792, inherited a nation already crippled by debt from his predecessors Louis XIV and Louis XV. The crisis deepened due to France's involvement in expensive wars, including the American Revolution which cost over 400 million livres in aid to the colonies.

Was King Louis XVI a good king? Historical evidence suggests his reign was marked by indifference and incompetence. His wife Marie Antoinette was notorious for excessive spending, further straining the treasury. France's financial structure lacked uniformity across its 300 provinces, with different laws, weights, measurements, and tax systems in each region. The privileged First and Second Estates, comprising only 3% of the population, managed to exempt themselves from taxation while the Third Estate bore the primary tax burden.

Definition: The Three Estates System

  • First Estate: Clergy 11% of population
  • Second Estate: Nobility 22% of population
  • Third Estate: Everyone else 9797% of population

The French bourgeoisie, consisting of educated middle-class citizens like doctors and bankers, possessed wealth without responsibility and intelligence without authority. Multiple finance ministers attempted reforms - Turgot 17761776, Jacques Necker 17771777, Calonne 17871787, and Brienne 17881788 - but faced resistance from nobles when trying to tax the privileged estates. This resistance ultimately led to the calling of the Estates General, which hadn't met since 1614.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Estates General and Formation of the National Assembly

Why was the Estates General called? The mounting financial crisis and noble resistance to taxation forced Louis XVI to convene this ancient assembly in May 1789. The role of Estates General in French Revolution was pivotal, though not as intended. While the Third Estate received double representation 600versus300foreachotherestate600 versus 300 for each other estate, voting remained by estate rather than by head, effectively nullifying their numerical advantage.

Highlight: The Third Estate's frustration with the voting system led to a revolutionary transformation of French governance.

The pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" by Abbé Sieyès crystallized the grievances of the common people, declaring that the Third Estate was essentially France itself, while the privileged estates were mere parasites. After six weeks of stalemate, members of the Third Estate, joined by some progressive clergy and nobles, declared themselves the National Assembly.

What happened at the meeting of the Estates-General proved transformative when the king locked out the Third Estate delegates, leading to the famous Tennis Court Oath. Why was the Tennis Court Oath important? The delegates pledged to remain assembled until they created a constitution for France, effectively challenging royal authority and establishing France's first constitutional government.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Bastille and Early Revolutionary Events

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, marked Day 1 of the French Revolution. This pivotal event occurred when Parisians, fearing an imminent military crackdown and seeking weapons, attacked the fortress-prison. Though only six prisoners were freed, the symbolic impact was enormous, representing the people's first major victory against royal authority.

Example: The Bastille's fall triggered the "Great Fear" - a wave of peasant uprisings across France where rural communities attacked noble estates and burned feudal documents.

The August 4 Decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen followed, fundamentally transforming French society by abolishing feudal privileges and establishing basic rights. However, Louis XVI's reluctance to approve these measures and the ongoing food crisis led to the Women's March on Versailles in October 1789, forcing the royal family to relocate to Paris.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Constitutional Monarchy and Growing Tensions

The National Assembly attempted to stabilize France through various reforms, including the creation of the assignat currency backed by seized church lands. However, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy 17901790 proved deeply divisive, requiring clergy to swear allegiance to the state and creating a rift with the Catholic Church.

Louis XVI's last words would come later, but his fate was essentially sealed by the Flight to Varennes in June 1791, when the royal family attempted to escape Paris. This failed escape attempt destroyed remaining trust in the monarchy and led to the creation of the Legislative Assembly, which limited royal power to a mere veto.

Quote: The Brunswick Manifesto of 1792 threatened: "We will restore order in France IF every country in Europe joins us" - a threat that would help radicalize the revolution.

The emergence of political clubs, particularly the Jacobins and Girondins, reflected growing ideological divisions that would shape the revolution's future course. The Declaration of Pillnitz and Brunswick Manifesto demonstrated growing international opposition to revolutionary France, setting the stage for future conflicts.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Path to Revolution: Fear, War, and Political Upheaval

The growing tensions in France erupted into open conflict when the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in April 1792. This decision was driven by multiple factors, including fear of the émigrés nobleswhohadfledFrancenobles who had fled France and growing distrust of the government. The situation became particularly tense when Austria threatened to destroy Paris if any harm came to the royal family.

A pivotal moment occurred on August 10, 1792, with what became known as the Second Revolution. The Jacobins and Liberals, frustrated with the existing government, stormed government buildings and established the National Convention and Paris Commune. George Danton, beloved for his role in writing the August 4 Decrees, emerged as a key figure in creating the new Paris city government.

The September Massacres of 1792 marked a dark turning point. Amid rumors that prisoners would escape and kill civilians, approximately 2,000 prisoners were executed. This led to the implementation of the guillotine, proposed by Dr. Guillotin as a more "humane" method of execution. The most significant execution came on January 21, 1793, when Louis XVI was found guilty of treason by a single vote 361360361-360 and subsequently executed alongside his wife Marie Antoinette.

Definition: Counter-revolutionary - Anyone opposed to the revolution's progress, typically conservatives, those in contact with émigrés, or clergy who refused to pledge allegiance to the new government.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath

The Committee of Public Safety, initially created by George Danton but later led by Maximilien Robespierre, became the driving force behind the Reign of Terror. This 13-member committee maintained extensive surveillance over French citizens, seeking to identify and eliminate potential threats to the revolution.

The period from June 1793 to July 1794 saw approximately 40,000 executions under the Reign of Terror. Even George Danton, despite his earlier revolutionary credentials, fell victim to Robespierre's increasing paranoia and was executed as a counter-revolutionary. The situation reached a breaking point in the Thermidorian Reaction of July 1794, when Robespierre himself was arrested and executed.

Highlight: The Thermidorian Reaction marked the end of the Reign of Terror and initiated a shift back toward conservative power, leading to the "White Terror" - a period of conservative reprisals against revolutionaries.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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Napoleon's Rise to Power

Napoleon Bonaparte's ascent began when he defended the National Convention from Sans-Culottes protesters, famously dispersing them with "a whiff of grapeshot." His military success led to rapid promotion and command of the Army of Italy, where he achieved significant victories against Austria.

The Directory, France's new five-man executive government, faced challenges from various quarters, including Gracchus Babeuf's "Conspiracy of Equals" - an early attempt to establish socialism in France. Napoleon's military successes, particularly in Italy and Egypt, enhanced his political standing despite setbacks like the Battle of the Nile.

Example: Napoleon's famous crossing of the Alps, immortalized in Jacques Louis David's painting, demonstrated his military prowess and growing legendary status.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Consulate and Empire

Through the Coup of Brumaire in 1799, Napoleon established the Consulate, effectively taking control of France. He systematically consolidated power through a series of plebiscites, eventually becoming Emperor. His reforms included reconciliation with the Church, welcoming back émigrés, and establishing the Napoleonic Code.

Napoleon's empire expanded through military victories at Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena. He reshaped Europe, dissolving the Holy Roman Empire and establishing the Confederation of the Rhine. His Continental System, aimed at isolating Britain economically, led to conflicts in Spain and Portugal, culminating in the bloody Peninsular War.

Quote: "Thank God I have done my duty" - Admiral Horatio Nelson's famous last words at the Battle of Trafalgar, where Britain dealt a decisive blow to French naval power.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
●
1713: Treaty of

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The Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte: From Moscow to Waterloo

The dramatic decline of Napoleon's empire began with a pivotal decision regarding the Continental System in 1811. When Russia withdrew from this economic blockade, Napoleon assembled his legendary Grand Armée - a massive force of 700,000 soldiers from France and allied nations, supported by 300,000 supply carriers. This military campaign would prove to be one of history's most catastrophic military failures.

The Russian campaign was marked by the devastating Battle of Borodino on September 13, 1812 - the bloodiest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars with 70,000 casualties. Though Napoleon's forces reached Moscow, they found an abandoned city. The Russians employed their famous "scorched earth" strategy, burning everything in their retreat and leaving Napoleon's army without supplies. In a shocking turn of events, released Russian prisoners set Moscow ablaze, forcing the French to retreat through the brutal Russian winter. Of Napoleon's massive invasion force, only 30,000 soldiers survived the Russian campaign.

Highlight: The Russian Campaign marked the beginning of Napoleon's downfall, with the loss of over 670,000 soldiers due to combat, starvation, and extreme winter conditions.

The defeat in Russia led to the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, where a coalition of European powers finally defeated Napoleon. The subsequent Treaty of Paris in 1814 exiled Napoleon to Elba and restored the French monarchy under Louis XVIII, brother of the executed Louis XVI. However, Napoleon's story wasn't over - he escaped from Elba, returning to France for the famous "Hundred Days." This brief return to power ended at the decisive Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, where British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon's army. After a failed attempt to flee to America, Napoleon was captured and exiled to the remote island of St. Helena under the Second Treaty of Paris, where he would remain until his death.

French Revolution - Unit 7
Day 1 November 9th (Tuesday)
France is in severe debt because of :
Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)
●
.
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1713: Treaty of

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The Restoration and Legacy of Post-Napoleonic France

The aftermath of Napoleon's final defeat brought significant changes to France's political landscape. The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Louis XVIII marked a careful balance between the old regime and revolutionary reforms. While the monarchy was restored, France maintained many Napoleonic institutions, including the influential Napoleonic Code.

Louis XVIII's reign represented a compromise between revolutionary ideals and monarchical authority. He was required to accept constitutional limitations and could not pursue vengeance against those who had supported the revolution theRegicidesthe Regicides. This period demonstrated how France attempted to reconcile its revolutionary past with the desire for stability.

Definition: The Hundred Days refers to the period between Napoleon's return from Elba on March 1, 1815, and his final defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815, marking his last attempt to restore his empire.

The Second Treaty of Paris in 1815 imposed harsher terms on France than the first, reflecting the European powers' determination to prevent any future French military resurgence. This treaty redrew France's borders, required war reparations, and established a framework for post-Napoleonic European relations that would influence international politics for decades to come.

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