Key Events and Failure of the Revolt
The Revolt of the Northern Earls unfolded through a series of significant events in late 1569. On November 9th, the rebellion officially began with the ringing of bells at midnight at the Earl of Northumberland's residence. The Earl of Sussex, loyal to Elizabeth, began raising troops in the north on November 13th. The rebels made their first major move on November 14th by seizing Durham Cathedral and hearing mass, a clear statement of their Catholic intentions.
As the rebellion gained momentum, the Earl of Sussex reported to the Privy Council on November 16th about his insufficient forces. By November 22nd, the rebels had gained control of all of northern England, demonstrating the initial success of their uprising. However, their fortunes began to turn when Spanish support failed to materialize. On November 30th, some rebels diverted to capture Hartlepool in anticipation of Spanish help, but it never arrived.
Highlight: The lack of expected Spanish support was a crucial factor in the rebellion's ultimate failure.
The rebels continued their campaign, taking Barnard Castle in County Durham on December 14th. However, their advance was halted when Elizabeth's forces, numbering 14,000 men, reached the River Tees on December 16th. Faced with this superior force, the rebel army of 5,400 fled northward. The rebellion effectively ended on December 19th when the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland crossed into Scotland, signaling the defeat of their cause.
Definition: Privy Council - A body of advisors to the monarch, playing a significant role in the government of the realm.
The failure of the revolt can be attributed to several factors. The absence of Spanish troops, which the rebels had counted on for support, was a critical blow to their plans. Additionally, Elizabeth's ability to quickly raise a substantial army of 14,000 men demonstrated the strength of her support and the effectiveness of her government's response.
The Revolt of the Northern Earls' historical significance cannot be overstated. It was the first and most serious rebellious act against Elizabeth I during her reign. In response, treason laws became harsher, and the treatment of Catholics in England grew more severe. The rebellion prompted a papal bull in 1570, which excommunicated Elizabeth and placed Catholics in a difficult position, forced to choose between their spiritual and political loyalties.
Quote: "Elizabeth was excommunicated" - This act by the Pope in 1570 further complicated the relationship between English Catholics and the Crown.
