Celica je osnovna enota vseh živih bitij - od najenostavnejših... Show more
Naravoslovje
Matematika
Angleščina
Geografija
ZgodovinaSign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
44
•
Updated Mar 22, 2026
•
Zgradba in delovanje celic: Prokarionti in evkarionti
1 / 6
Osnove celične zgradbe
Predstavljaj si celico kot miniaturno mesto z različnimi okrožji - tako boš lažje razumel, kako je organizirana. Prokariontske celice so kot majhna kmečka naselja, enostavna in brez ločenih predelov. Bakterije spadajo sem in nimajo pravega celičnega jedra.
Evkariontske celice pa so kot moderna mesta z jasno ločenimi okrožji - organeli. Ti so obdani z membranami in opravljajo specializirane naloge. Sem spadajo rastlinske in živalske celice.
Citoplazma je tekočina, ki zapolni celico in v kateri plavajo vsi organeli. V prokariontskih celicah je dedni material (DNK) prosto razpršen v regiji, imenovani nukleoid, medtem ko je pri evkariontih varno shranjen v jedru.
Ključno za test: Prokariontske = brez jedra, evkariontske = z jedrom!
Razlike med rastlinskimi in živalskimi celicami
Ne, rastlinske in živalske celice niso enake - imajo pomembne razlike, ki jih moraš znati! Rastlinske celice imajo celično steno iz celuloze, ki jim daje trdnost in stalno obliko. Živalske celice so brez nje in imajo zato bolj okroglo, spremenljivo obliko.
Kloroplasti so prisotni le v rastlinskih celicah in omogočajo fotosintezo - pretvarjanje sončne svetlobe v hrano. Živalske celice jih seveda nimajo, ker ne morejo izdelovati svoje hrane.
Vakuola je pri rastlinah ena velika in osrednja, ki vzdržuje obliko celice in shranjuje vodo. Pri živalih so vakuole majhne in številne. Lizosomi najdeš predvsem v živalskih celicah, kjer delujejo kot "čistilni servis".
Pomni: Rastlinska celica = celična stena + kloroplasti + velika vakuola!
Najpomembnejši organeli in njihove funkcije
Celično jedro je "nadzorni center", kjer je shranjena vsa DNK - navodila za delovanje celice. Obdano je z jedrno ovojnico z odprtinami, ki nadzorujejo, kaj gre noter in ven.
Mitohondrij je "elektrarna celice", kjer nastaja ATP - energijska valuta celice. Ima nagubano notranjo membrano (kriste), kar poveča površino za proizvodnjo energije. Mitohondrije imajo tako rastlinske kot živalske celice!
Celična membrana je selektivno prepustna meja, ki uravnava, katere snovi lahko vstopijo v celico ali jo zapustijo. Zgrajena je iz fosfolipidnega dvosloja z vgrajenimi beljakovinami.
Pomembno: Mitohondrije potrebujejo VSE evkariontske celice za energijo!
Sistem za proizvodnjo in transport beljakovin
Ribosomi so "tovarne beljakovin", kjer nastajajo vsi proteini, ki jih celica potrebuje. Lahko so prosti v citoplazmi ali vezani na endoplazemski retikulum (ER).
Zrnat ER ima na površini ribosome in izdeluje beljakovine za "izvoz". Gladki ER pa nima ribosomov in izdeluje lipide ter razstrupa celico. Predstavljaj si ju kot različni proizvodni obrat.
Golgijev aparat deluje kot "poštni center" - sprejme beljakovine iz ER, jih uredi, zapakira in pošlje na pravo lokacijo. Lizosomi vsebujejo prebavne encime in razgradijo odpadke - so kot "smetarski servis" celice.
Za razumevanje: ER izdeluje → Golgi zapakira → transport na cilj!
Potovanje beljakovin skozi celico
Ko celica izdela beljakovino za izločanje, ta potuje po natančno določeni poti. Začne se v jedru, kjer se navodila iz DNK prepišejo na mRNK.
Ta mRNK potuje do ribosoma na zrnatem ER, kjer nastane beljakovina. Beljakovina gre v ER, kjer se pravilno zvije, nato pa jo transportni vezikel prenese do Golgijevega aparata.
Golgi beljakovino dodatno obdela in zapakira v sekrecijski vezikel. Ta potuje do celične membrane, se z njo zlije in sprosti beljakovino iz celice - ta proces se imenuje eksocitoza.
Zaporedje: Jedro → Ribosom → ER → Golgi → Membrana → ven iz celice!
Ključni nasveti za uspeh pri testih
Zapomni si, da oblika vedno pogojuje funkcijo - nagubanost mitohondrijev poveča površino, sploščene vrečke Golgija omogočijo učinkovito pakiranje. Ne zamenjuj celične membrane (jo imajo vse celice, uravnava transport) s celično steno (le rastline, daje trdnost)!
Endosimbiontska teorija razlaga, kako so nastali mitohondriji in kloroplasti - večja celica je "pojedla" manjšo bakterijo, ki je nato živela v sožitju z njo. Dokazi so lastna DNK in dvojna membrana.
Za hiter pregled: Prokariontske celice (bakterije) so 10x manjše in enostavnejše od evkariontskih. Rastlinske celice imajo celično steno, kloroplaste in veliko vakuolo. Živalske imajo lizosome in centriole.
Zlato pravilo: Vsak organel ima svojo specifično nalogo - poznaš funkcijo, poznaš organel!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Naravoslovje
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Zgradba in delovanje celic: Prokarionti in evkarionti
Celica je osnovna enota vseh živih bitij - od najenostavnejših bakterij do nas samih. Razumevanje zgradbe celic ti bo pomagalo razložiti, kako delujejo vsi živi organizmi in zakaj so pomembne razlike med različnimi tipi celic.
Osnove celične zgradbe
Predstavljaj si celico kot miniaturno mesto z različnimi okrožji - tako boš lažje razumel, kako je organizirana. Prokariontske celice so kot majhna kmečka naselja, enostavna in brez ločenih predelov. Bakterije spadajo sem in nimajo pravega celičnega jedra.
Evkariontske celice pa so kot moderna mesta z jasno ločenimi okrožji - organeli. Ti so obdani z membranami in opravljajo specializirane naloge. Sem spadajo rastlinske in živalske celice.
Citoplazma je tekočina, ki zapolni celico in v kateri plavajo vsi organeli. V prokariontskih celicah je dedni material (DNK) prosto razpršen v regiji, imenovani nukleoid, medtem ko je pri evkariontih varno shranjen v jedru.
Ključno za test: Prokariontske = brez jedra, evkariontske = z jedrom!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Razlike med rastlinskimi in živalskimi celicami
Ne, rastlinske in živalske celice niso enake - imajo pomembne razlike, ki jih moraš znati! Rastlinske celice imajo celično steno iz celuloze, ki jim daje trdnost in stalno obliko. Živalske celice so brez nje in imajo zato bolj okroglo, spremenljivo obliko.
Kloroplasti so prisotni le v rastlinskih celicah in omogočajo fotosintezo - pretvarjanje sončne svetlobe v hrano. Živalske celice jih seveda nimajo, ker ne morejo izdelovati svoje hrane.
Vakuola je pri rastlinah ena velika in osrednja, ki vzdržuje obliko celice in shranjuje vodo. Pri živalih so vakuole majhne in številne. Lizosomi najdeš predvsem v živalskih celicah, kjer delujejo kot "čistilni servis".
Pomni: Rastlinska celica = celična stena + kloroplasti + velika vakuola!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Najpomembnejši organeli in njihove funkcije
Celično jedro je "nadzorni center", kjer je shranjena vsa DNK - navodila za delovanje celice. Obdano je z jedrno ovojnico z odprtinami, ki nadzorujejo, kaj gre noter in ven.
Mitohondrij je "elektrarna celice", kjer nastaja ATP - energijska valuta celice. Ima nagubano notranjo membrano (kriste), kar poveča površino za proizvodnjo energije. Mitohondrije imajo tako rastlinske kot živalske celice!
Celična membrana je selektivno prepustna meja, ki uravnava, katere snovi lahko vstopijo v celico ali jo zapustijo. Zgrajena je iz fosfolipidnega dvosloja z vgrajenimi beljakovinami.
Pomembno: Mitohondrije potrebujejo VSE evkariontske celice za energijo!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sistem za proizvodnjo in transport beljakovin
Ribosomi so "tovarne beljakovin", kjer nastajajo vsi proteini, ki jih celica potrebuje. Lahko so prosti v citoplazmi ali vezani na endoplazemski retikulum (ER).
Zrnat ER ima na površini ribosome in izdeluje beljakovine za "izvoz". Gladki ER pa nima ribosomov in izdeluje lipide ter razstrupa celico. Predstavljaj si ju kot različni proizvodni obrat.
Golgijev aparat deluje kot "poštni center" - sprejme beljakovine iz ER, jih uredi, zapakira in pošlje na pravo lokacijo. Lizosomi vsebujejo prebavne encime in razgradijo odpadke - so kot "smetarski servis" celice.
Za razumevanje: ER izdeluje → Golgi zapakira → transport na cilj!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Potovanje beljakovin skozi celico
Ko celica izdela beljakovino za izločanje, ta potuje po natančno določeni poti. Začne se v jedru, kjer se navodila iz DNK prepišejo na mRNK.
Ta mRNK potuje do ribosoma na zrnatem ER, kjer nastane beljakovina. Beljakovina gre v ER, kjer se pravilno zvije, nato pa jo transportni vezikel prenese do Golgijevega aparata.
Golgi beljakovino dodatno obdela in zapakira v sekrecijski vezikel. Ta potuje do celične membrane, se z njo zlije in sprosti beljakovino iz celice - ta proces se imenuje eksocitoza.
Zaporedje: Jedro → Ribosom → ER → Golgi → Membrana → ven iz celice!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Ključni nasveti za uspeh pri testih
Zapomni si, da oblika vedno pogojuje funkcijo - nagubanost mitohondrijev poveča površino, sploščene vrečke Golgija omogočijo učinkovito pakiranje. Ne zamenjuj celične membrane (jo imajo vse celice, uravnava transport) s celično steno (le rastline, daje trdnost)!
Endosimbiontska teorija razlaga, kako so nastali mitohondriji in kloroplasti - večja celica je "pojedla" manjšo bakterijo, ki je nato živela v sožitju z njo. Dokazi so lastna DNK in dvojna membrana.
Za hiter pregled: Prokariontske celice (bakterije) so 10x manjše in enostavnejše od evkariontskih. Rastlinske celice imajo celično steno, kloroplaste in veliko vakuolo. Živalske imajo lizosome in centriole.
Zlato pravilo: Vsak organel ima svojo specifično nalogo - poznaš funkcijo, poznaš organel!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Practice Test ✓ Essay Outlines
Practice Test
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content in Naravoslovje
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user